ArticlePLoS pathogens2021
A human coronavirus evolves antigenically to escape antibody immunity.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 162 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
162 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A systematic review on vaccine developmental approaches: Evaluating efficacy, and addressing challenges of infectious diseases in the post-COVID-19 era.Virus research · 2026Pooled it
- Mechanisms Underlying the Induction of Immunological Imprinting by RNA Viruses and Intervention Strategies.Viruses · 2026Review
- Dissecting serum polyclonal antibody escape to SARS-CoV-2 variants by deep mutational learning.Cell reports methods · 2026Article
- Mutations to the HCoV-229E spike have counterbalancing effects on serum antibody neutralization and receptor binding.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Declined Circulation and Seasonal Shifts of Human Coronavirus 229E in the Republic of Korea: Implications for Respiratory Virus Surveillance.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Bacillus Calmette-Guérin as adjuvant platform enhances immunogenicity of conserved epitopes from structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- A neutralizing human antibody induces movement of the HCoV-229E receptor binding domain.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Rational Design of Multiclade Coronavirus Spike Immunodominant Domain Nanoparticles to Elicit Broad Antibody Responses.Research square · 2025Article
- The effect of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza vaccination on endemic coronavirus-related mortality: A retrospective cohort study in Brazil.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Rational Design of Multiclade Coronavirus Spike Immunodominant Domain Nanoparticles to Elicit Broad Antibody Responses.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Contemporary seasonal human coronaviruses display differences in cellular tropism compared to laboratory-adapted reference strains.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Frequency dynamics predict viral fitness, antigenic relationships and epidemic growth.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Rapid Discovery of Potent Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 through Directed Evolution of SARS-CoV-1 Antibodies.Molecular pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Article
- RSV F evolution escapes some monoclonal antibodies but does not strongly erode neutralization by human polyclonal sera.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- 'Vivaldi': an amplicon-based whole-genome sequencing method for the four seasonal human coronaviruses, 229E, NL63, OC43 and HKU1, alongside SARS-CoV-2.Microbial genomics · 2025Article
- Genetic characterization of coronaviruses causing common cold symptoms based on micro-targeted capture sequencing.Archives of virology · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2: The Interplay Between Evolution and Host Immunity.Annual review of immunology · 2025Review
- RSV F evolution escapes some monoclonal antibodies but does not strongly erode neutralization by human polyclonal sera.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Characterization of spike S1/S2 processing and entry pathways of lentiviral pseudoviruses bearing seasonal human coronaviruses NL63, 229E, and HKU1 spikes.Microbiology spectrum · 2025Article
102 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Abstract
There is intense interest in antibody immunity to coronaviruses. However, it is unknown if coronaviruses evolve to escape such immunity, and if so, how rapidly. Here we address this question by characterizing the historical evolution of human coronavirus 229E. We identify human sera from the 1980s and 1990s that have neutralizing titers against contemporaneous 229E that are comparable to the anti-SARS-CoV-2 titers induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination. We test these sera against 229E strains isolated after sera collection, and find that neutralizing titers are lower against these "future" viruses. In some cases, sera that neutralize contemporaneous 229E viral strains with titers >1:100 do not detectably neutralize strains isolated 8-17 years later. The decreased neutralization of "future" viruses is due to antigenic evolution of the viral spike, especially in the receptor-binding domain. If these results extrapolate to other coronaviruses, then it may be advisable to periodically update SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
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