ArticlePloS one2021
Existence and features of the myodural bridge in Gentoo penguins: A morphological study.
Article in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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6 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparing the expression patterns and differences of LOX and LOXL1 during the development of myodural bridge and ligamentum flavum.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Article
- The myodural bridge complex: a comprehensive review of morphology, physiology, developmental biology and pathology.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Identification, structural features, and potential functional significance of the myodural Bridge in African clawed frog, the Xenopus laevis.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A new analogous organ in bony fishes and amphibians: an anatomical structure related with the cerebrospinal fluid circulation.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The relationship between compensatory hyperplasia of the myodural bridge complex and reduced compliance of the various structures within the cranio-cervical junction.Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
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Abstract
Recent studies have evidenced that the anatomical structure now known as the myodural bridge (MDB) connects the suboccipital musculature to the cervical spinal dura mater (SDM). In humans, the MDB passes through both the posterior atlanto-occipital and the posterior atlanto-axial interspaces. The existence of the MDB in various mammals, including flying birds (Rock pigeons and Gallus domesticus) has been previously validated. Gentoo penguins are marine birds, able to make 450 dives per day, reaching depths of up to 660 feet. While foraging, this penguin is able to reach speeds of up to 22 miles per hour. Gentoo penguins are also the world's fastest diving birds. The present study was therefore carried out to investigate the existence and characteristics of the MDB in Gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua), a non-flying, marine bird that can dive. For this study, six Gentoo penguin specimens were dissected to observe the existence and composition of their MDB. Histological staining was also performed to analyze the anatomic relationships and characteristic of the MDB in the Gentoo penguin. In this study, it was found that the suboccipital musculature in the Gentoo penguin consists of the rectus capitis dorsalis minor (RCDmi) muscle and rectus capitis dorsalis major (RCDma) muscle. Dense connective tissue fibers were observed connecting these two suboccipital muscles to the spinal dura mater (SDM). This dense connective tissue bridge consists of primarily type I collagen fibers. Thus, this penguin's MDB appears to be analogous to the MDB previously observed in humans. The present study evidences that the MDB not only exists in penguins but it also has unique features that distinguishes it from that of flying birds. Thus, this study advances the understanding of the morphological characteristics of the MDB in flightless, marine birds.
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