Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33830459›Full record

ReviewClinical pharmacokinetics2021

Pharmacokinetics and Drug-Drug Interactions of Long-Acting Intramuscular Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine.

Daryl Hodge, David J Back, Sara Gibbons, Saye H Khoo, Catia Marzolini

Open access · hybridAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Clinical pharmacokinetics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 65 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
65citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
5.5field-weighted citation impact, top 3% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

65 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 117 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Guideline
  3. Guideline
  4. Trial
  5. Phase 2 Trial of Long-Acting Cabotegravir and VRC07-523LS for Viral Suppression in Adults With HIV-1: ACTG A5357.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026
    Trial
  6. Trial
  7. Trial
  8. Trial
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  12. Review
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  15. HIV update for the non-HIV specialist and general physician.Clinical medicine (London, England) · 2026
    Review
  16. Review
  17. Observational
  18. Review
  19. Article
  20. Review

5 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.

Daryl HodgeDepartment of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
David J BackDepartment of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
Sara GibbonsDepartment of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
Saye H KhooDepartment of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
Catia MarzoliniDepartment of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. catia.marzolini@usb.ch.ORCID 0000-0002-2312-7050
University of Liverpool · GB

Funding

Medical Research Council MR/V020498/1
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Combined antiretroviral treatments have significantly improved the morbidity and mortality related to HIV infection, thus transforming HIV infection into a chronic disease; however, the efficacy of antiretroviral treatments is highly dependent on the ability of infected individuals to adhere to life-long drug combination therapies. A major milestone in HIV treatment is the marketing of the long-acting intramuscular antiretroviral drugs cabotegravir and rilpivirine, allowing for infrequent drug administration, with the potential to improve adherence to therapy and treatment satisfaction. Intramuscular administration of cabotegravir and rilpivirine leads to differences in pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interaction (DDI) profiles compared with oral administration. A notable difference is the long elimination half-life with intramuscular administration, which reaches 5.6-11.5 weeks for cabotegravir and 13-28 weeks for rilpivirine, compared with 41 and 45 h, respectively, with their oral administration. Cabotegravir and rilpivirine have a low potential to cause DDIs, however these drugs can be victims of DDIs. Cabotegravir is mainly metabolized by UGT1A1, and rilpivirine is mainly metabolized by CYP3A4, therefore these agents are susceptible to DDIs with inhibitors, and particularly inducers of drug-metabolizing enzymes. Intramuscular administration of cabotegravir and rilpivirine has the advantage of eliminating DDIs occurring at the gastrointestinal level, however interactions can still occur at the hepatic level. This review provides insight on the intramuscular administration of drugs and summarizes the pharmacology of long-acting cabotegravir and rilpivirine. Particular emphasis is placed on DDI profiles after oral and intramuscular administration of these antiretroviral drugs.

Indexed as

Anti-HIV AgentsHIV-1HIV InfectionsPharmaceutical PreparationsDiketopiperazinesDrug InteractionsHumansPyridonesRilpivirineAnti-HIV AgentscabotegravirDiketopiperazinesPharmaceutical PreparationsPyridonesRilpivirine

Identifiers

PMID33830459
PMCPMC8249281
OpenAlexW3145353426

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.