Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33830444›Full record

ReviewSports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)2021

Energetics and Biomechanics of Running Footwear with Increased Longitudinal Bending Stiffness: A Narrative Review.

Justin A Ortega, Laura A Healey, Wannes Swinnen, Wouter Hoogkamer

Open access · greenAbstract readReview
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
43citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
7.2field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

43 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 124 citations in OpenAlex.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.

Justin A OrtegaIntegrative Locomotion Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9258, USA.
Laura A HealeyIntegrative Locomotion Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9258, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0613-1629
Wannes SwinnenHuman Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5426-5325
Wouter HoogkamerIntegrative Locomotion Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9258, USA. whoogkamer@umass.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0524-0196
University of Massachusetts Amherst · USKU Leuven · BE

Funding

Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek #11E3919N
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

In the wake of the quest to break the 2-h marathon barrier, carbon-fiber plates have become commonplace in marathon racing shoes. Despite the controversy surrounding this shoe technology, studies on the effects of increased longitudinal bending stiffness on running economy report mixed results. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the current literature on midsole bending stiffness and carbon-fiber plates in distance running shoes, focusing on how longitudinal bending stiffness affects running energetics and lower limb mechanics. The current literature reports changes in running economy with increased longitudinal bending stiffness ranging from ~ 3% deterioration to ~ 3% improvement. In some studies, larger improvements have been observed, but often those shoes varied in many aspects, not just longitudinal bending stiffness. Biomechanically, increased longitudinal bending stiffness has the largest impact on metatarsal-phalangeal (MTP) and ankle joint mechanics. Plate location [top loaded (an insole), embedded (in between midsole foam), and bottom loaded (along the bottom of the shoe)] and geometry (flat/curved) affect joint moments and angular velocities at the MTP and ankle joint differently, which partly explains the mixed running economy results. Further research investigating how carbon-fiber plates interact with other footwear features (such as foam and midsole geometry), scaling of those with shoe size, body mass, and strike pattern, and comparing various plate placements is needed to better understand how longitudinal bending stiffness affects running economy.

Indexed as

RunningAnkle JointBiomechanical PhenomenaHumansLower ExtremityShoes

Identifiers

PMID33830444
OpenAlexW3149101529

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.