Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33829251›Full record

ArticleThe American journal of clinical nutrition2021

Eggs, dietary cholesterol, choline, betaine, and diabetes risk in the Women's Health Initiative: a prospective analysis.

James A Greenberg, Xinyin Jiang, Lesley F Tinker, Linda G Snetselaar, Nazmus Saquib, Aladdin H Shadyab

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PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
2.6field-weighted citation impact, top 11% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 17 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.

James A GreenbergDepartment of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
Xinyin JiangDepartment of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
Lesley F TinkerDivision of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
Linda G SnetselaarDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
Nazmus SaquibResearch Unit, College of Medicine, Sulaiman Al-Rajhi Colleges, Al Bukairiyah, Saudi Arabia.
Aladdin H ShadyabHerbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
City University of New York · USFred Hutch Cancer Center · USHuman Longevity (United States) · USSulaiman Al Rajhi Colleges · SAUniversity of Iowa · US

Funding

NHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201600001CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201600002CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201600003CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201600004CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201600018C
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundEpidemiological studies have been inconsistent regarding the relations between diabetes risk and the consumption of eggs and nutrients in eggs, such as choline, betaine, and cholesterol. There have been few studies among elderly women.

objectivesThe objective of this study was to examine associations between consumption of eggs, cholesterol, choline, and betaine and the risk of diabetes among elderly US women.

methodsMultivariable Cox regression was used with data from the prospective Women's Health Initiative. Population attributable risks were calculated. Consumption of eggs alone (not mixed in foods) and nutrients were assessed with an FFQ. Diabetes incidence was defined as the first incidence of self-reported diabetes treated with oral diabetes medication or insulin injections.

resultsThere were 46,263 women at follow-up baseline. During 13.3 y and 592,984 person-years of follow-up, there were 5480 incident diabetes cases. Higher egg, cholesterol, and choline consumption were each significantly associated with increases in diabetes risk. The associations for eggs and choline were not significant after adjustment for cholesterol consumption. The association for eggs was attenuated after adjustment for non-egg cholesterol consumption, with 1 significant HR in the top consumption quintile (≥3 eggs/wk) of 1.15 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.27; P for linear trend = 0.0001). The population attributable risks for obesity, overweight, consumption of ≥3 eggs/wk, inadequate exercise, and poor diet were 25.0 (95% CI: 22.3, 27.6), 12.8 (95% CI: 11.1, 14.5), 4.2 (95% CI: 2.3, 6.1), 3.5 (95% CI: 1.2, 5.8), and 3.1 (95% CI: 0.5, 5.7), respectively.

conclusionsAs egg consumption increased to ≥3 eggs/wk, there was a steady increase in diabetes risk that may have been due to the cholesterol in the eggs. The population attributable risk for ≥3 eggs/wk was far lower than that for being obese or overweight.

Indexed as

BetaineCholesterol, DietaryCholineEggsAgedCohort StudiesDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2FemaleHumansMiddle AgedProspective StudiesRisk FactorsBetaineCholesterol, DietaryCholinediabetes riskdietary betainedietary cholesteroldietary cholineegg consumptionnutrition epidemiologypopulation attributable riskpostmenopausal femalesWomen's Health Initiative

Identifiers

PMID33829251
PMCPMC8246612
OpenAlexW3150108920

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.