ReviewFrontiers in nutrition2021
The Relationship Between Breast Milk Components and the Infant Gut Microbiota.
Review in Frontiers in nutrition, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 86 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
86 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Phage diversity in human breast milk: a systematic review.European journal of pediatrics · 2025Pooled it
- Human Milk Bioactive Components and Child Growth and Body Composition in the First 2 Years: A Systematic Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2024Pooled it
- Effect of positional management and milk type on digestive health: a retrospective randomised controlled study on colic in preterm infants.BMJ paediatrics open · 2025Trial
- Bifidogenic Effect of 2'-Fucosyllactose (2'-FL) on the Gut Microbiome of Healthy Formula-Fed Infants: A Randomized Clinical Trial.Nutrients · 2025Trial
- Decoding the HMO‒microbiome axis: bridging maternal milk to infant health outcomes.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Isolation and Characterization of Bifidobacterium longum A1, an Isolate from Faeces of an Exclusively Breast-fed Infant with Probiotic Potential.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Article
- The human breast milk microbiome: a landscape review of its composition, origins, and impact on infant health.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Clinical characteristics, prognosis, and risk factors for tolerance development in food protein-induced allergic proctocolitis: a retrospective cohort study.Translational pediatrics · 2026Article
- Article
- Integrated Analysis of Gut Microbiota and Metabolome Profiling Reveals the Effects of Feeding Approaches on Infants' Gut Microenvironment.Food science & nutrition · 2026Article
- The gut-joint axis in juvenile idiopathic arthritis.Arthritis research & therapy · 2026Review
- A synthetic bacterial community made of human milk isolated strains is an effective strategy to prevent food allergy in a mouse model.Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · 2026Article
- Fungal DNA profiles across maternal and neonatal biological sites: findings from an exploratory pilot study.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Probiotics, postbiotics, and synbiotics in immune system modulation: A narrative review.Biotechnology notes (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Review
- Concentrations of selected human milk components influence the infant oral microbiome to a greater degree than estimated intakes.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- The influence of breast milk microbiota from HIV-infected women on infant gut microbiota colonization within the first two weeks of life.Frontiers in microbiomes · 2026Article
- Structural variation analysis suggests strain-level maternal-infant microbial transmission in early life.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Effects of commonly used antibiotics on children's developing gut microbiomes and resistomes in peri-urban Lima, Peru.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2025Article
- Breastfeeding and infant gut microbiota: influence of bioactive components.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- Dynamic Variations in Endogenous Peptides in Chinese Human Milk Across Lactation and Geographical Regions.Nutrients · 2025Article
26 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The assembly of the newborn's gut microbiota during the first months of life is an orchestrated process resulting in specialized microbial ecosystems in the different gut compartments. This process is highly dependent upon environmental factors, and many evidences suggest that early bacterial gut colonization has long-term consequences on host digestive and immune homeostasis but also metabolism and behavior. The early life period is therefore a "window of opportunity" to program health through microbiota modulation. However, the implementation of this promising strategy requires an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms governing gut microbiota assembly. Breastfeeding has been associated with a healthy microbiota in infants. Human milk is a complex food matrix, with numerous components that potentially influence the infant microbiota composition, either by enhancing specific bacteria growth or by limiting the growth of others. The objective of this review is to describe human milk composition and to discuss the established or purported roles of human milk components upon gut microbiota establishment. Finally, the impact of maternal diet on human milk composition is reviewed to assess how maternal diet could be a simple and efficient approach to shape the infant gut microbiota.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.