ArticleFrontiers in immunology2021
Longitudinal CSF Findings in Autoimmune Encephalitis-A Monocentric Cohort Study.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed.
- Immune dysregulation and epileptogenesis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Review
- Kappa Free Light Chain for Diagnosis and Neurofilament Light Chain for Prognosis in Autoimmune Encephalitis.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Observational
- Repeat Lumbar Puncture in Adults With Encephalitis: Patient Characteristics, Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics, and Diagnostic Yield.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Screening 1021 Swedish memory clinic visitors for autoantibody-mediated encephalitis.Journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Intrathecal immunoglobulin production in the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system.Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2026Review
- Predictors for identifying autoimmune encephalitis in pediatric patients.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Clinical characteristics and treatment of patients with overlapping MOG and anti-NMDAR encephalitis.BMC neurology · 2025Article
- Article
- [Clinical Features and Functional Prognosis in Patients with Possible Autoimmune Encephalitis in a Neurological Emergency Department].Revista de neurologia · 2025Observational
- Successful sequential treatment with ofatumumab followed by efgartigimod for refractory autoimmune encephalitis with dual anti-NMDAR and anti-GFAP antibody positivity: first case report.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Abnormal CSF-Specific OCBs in Neuronal Surface Antibody-Associated Autoimmune Encephalitis Differentiating from Viral Encephalitis.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Article
- Oligoclonal Bands as Predictors of Disease Severity and Prognosis in Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Article
- Clinical features, cerebrospinal fluid changes, and prognosis in Chinese patients with autoimmune encephalitis.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2024Article
- Article
- The brain cytokine orchestra in multiple sclerosis: from neuroinflammation to synaptopathology.Molecular brain · 2024Review
- CSF Findings in Chinese Patients with NMDAR, LGI1 and GABABR Antibody-Associated Encephalitis.Journal of inflammation research · 2024Article
- Investigation of the association between circulating inflammatory proteins and encephalitis risk in Europeans by two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Article
- Abnormal DNA methylation analysis of leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 antibody encephalitis reveals novel methylation-driven genes related to prognostic and clinical features.Clinical epigenetics · 2023Article
- MR Imaging Findings in a Large Population of Autoimmune Encephalitis.AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology · 2023Article
- Comparing clinical features, severity and prognosis of autoimmune encephalitis and with and without oligoclonal bands.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Autoimmune encephalitis (AIE) poses a diagnostic challenge due to its heterogeneous clinical presentation, which overlaps with various neurological and psychiatric diseases. During the diagnostic work-up, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is routinely obtained, allowing for differential diagnostics as well as for the determination of antibody subclasses and specificities. In this monocentric cohort study, we describe initial and serial CSF findings of 33 patients diagnosed with antibody-associated AIE (LGI1 (n=8), NMDA (n=7), CASPR2 (n=3), IgLON5 (n=3), AMPAR (n=1), GAD65/67 (n=4), Yo (n=3), Ma-1/2 (n=2), CV2 (n=2)). Routine CSF parameters of 12.1% of AIE patients were in normal ranges, while 60.6% showed elevated protein levels and 45.4% had intrathecal oligoclonal bands (OCBs). Repeated CSF analyses showed a trend towards normalization of initial pathological CSF findings, while relapses were more likely to be associated with increased cell counts and total protein levels. OCB status conversion in anti-NMDARE patients coincided with clinical improvement. In summary, we show that in routine CSF analysis at diagnosis, a considerable number of patients with AIE did not exhibit alteration in the CSF and therefore, diagnosis may be delayed if antibody testing is not performed. Moreover, OCB status in anti-NMDAR AIE patients could represent a potential prognostic biomarker, however further studies are necessary to validate these exploratory findings.
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