ArticleScientific reports2021
Differences between children with Down syndrome and typically developing children in adaptive behaviour, executive functions and visual acuity.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- One-year effects of bifocal and unifocal glasses on executive functions in children with Down syndrome in a randomized controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2021Trial
- Examining associations between foundational and complex mathematics skills in people with Down syndrome and typically developing children.The British journal of developmental psychology · 2026Article
- Prenatal Adversity and Neonatal Brain Connectivity Relate to Emerging Executive Function at Age 2 Years.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · 2026Article
- Cognitive and Behavioural Associations of Visual and Hearing Impairments Across the Lifespan in People With Down Syndrome, a Scoping Review.Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR · 2025Article
- Brain volumes, cognitive, and adaptive skills in school-age children with Down syndrome.Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders · 2024Article
- Confirmatory factor analysis of the BRIEF2 in a sample of youth with Down syndrome.Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR · 2023Article
- Cognitive flexibility assessment in youth with Down syndrome: Reliability, practice effects, and validity.Research in developmental disabilities · 2023Article
- The Mediatory Role of Executive Functioning on the Association Between Sleep and Both Everyday Memory and ADHD Symptoms in Children and Youth With Down Syndrome.American journal on intellectual and developmental disabilities · 2023Article
- Executive functioning and verbal fluency performance in youth with Down syndrome.Research in developmental disabilities · 2022Article
- The Multidisciplinary Guidelines for Diagnosis and Referral in Cerebral Visual Impairment.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2022Article
- Development of Down Syndrome Research Over the Last Decades-What Healthcare and Education Professionals Need to Know.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In children with Down syndrome (DS) development of visual, motor and cognitive functions is atypical. It is unknown whether the visual impairments in children with DS aggravate their lag in cognitive development. Visual impairment and developmental lags in adaptive behaviour and executive functions were assessed in 104 children with DS, 2-16 years, by comparing their adaptive behaviour, executive functions and visual acuity (distant and near) scores against published age-matched norm scores of typically developing children. Associations between these lags were explored. Mean (± SEM) differences to age-matched norms indicated reduced performance in DS: Vineland Screener questionnaire, - 63 ± 3.8 months; task-based Minnesota Executive Function Scale (MEFS), - 46.09 ± 2.07 points; BRIEF-P questionnaire, 25.29 ± 4.66 points; BRIEF parents' and teachers' questionnaire, 17.89 ± 3.92 points and 40.10 ± 3.81 points; distant and near visual acuity, 0.51 ± 0.03 LogMAR and 0.63 ± 0.03 LogMAR (near - 0.11 ± 0.04 LogMAR poorer than distant). Adaptive behaviour (Vineland-S) correlated with the severity of visual impairment (r = - 0.396). Children with DS are severely impaired in adaptive behaviour, executive functions and visual acuities (near visual acuity more severely impaired than distant visual acuity). Larger impairment in adaptive behaviour is found in children with larger visual impairment. This supports the idea that visual acuity plays a role in adaptive development.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.