ArticleCell death & disease2021
Hypoxic glioma-derived exosomes promote M2-like macrophage polarization by enhancing autophagy induction.
Article in Cell death & disease, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 144 papers.
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Who cites it
144 citing papers in PubMed, 224 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Decoding Glioblastoma Complexity Through Extracellular Vesicles, Organ-on-Chip Models, and Deep Learning.Cells · 2026Review
- Macrophage-derived fibronectin suppresses antitumor immunity via tissue stiffening and immunosuppressive cell induction in cancer mouse models.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Melatonin improves osteogenic differentiation in a high-glucose environment by activating NRF2 to promote autophagy through the regulation of cross-talk between macrophages and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2026Article
- Review
- LILRB3 inhibition reverses immunosuppression in glioma: a nanoparticle-based therapeutic strategy.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Tumor exosomes impact functional hallmarks of cancer.Cancer metastasis reviews · 2026Review
- Controlling Biogenesis and Engineering of Exosomes to Inhibit Growth and Promote Death in Glioblastoma Multiforme.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Autophagy-Modulating Nanomedicine for Glioma: Delivery Barriers, Lysosomal Interactions, and a Flux-Resolved Translational Decision Framework.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Ultrasonication-derived CAR-T vesicles preserve antigen-specific cytotoxic function.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Enhanced CHI3L1 promotes macrophage activation in persistent inflammatory events of ulcerative interstitial cystitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Hypoxia-Induced Osteopontin-Positive Glioma-Associated Macrophages Facilitate Glioma Mesenchymal Transition via NF-κB Pathway Activation.Cancer communications (London, England) · 2026Article
- From immune desert to hot tumor: the tripartite synergy of tumor microenvironment-exosomes-immunogenic cell death in pioneering solutions.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Immunosuppressive cells as barriers to cancer therapy: mechanisms and emerging solutions.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Research trends and emerging frontiers of tumor-associated macrophages in gastric cancer: a bibliometric analysis.Discover oncology · 2025Article
- Exosomal regulation of cellular reprogramming and polarization in the tumor microenvironment.Cancer cell international · 2025Review
- Extracellular vesicles cargo orchestration in colorectal cancer: immune evasion, stromal remodeling, and therapeutic frontiers.Molecular cancer · 2025Review
- Past, present, and future of exosomes research in cancer: A bibliometric and visualization analysis.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Advances in Tumor-Derived Exosomal Non-Coding RNAs Regulating M2 Macrophage Polarization: Molecular Mechanisms and Signaling Pathway.Cancer medicine · 2025Review
- Crossroads of cell fate: miR-34-mediated regulation of apoptosis and autophagy in glioblastoma.Discover oncology · 2025Review
84 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
22 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Exosomes participate in intercellular communication and glioma microenvironment modulation, but the exact mechanisms by which glioma-derived exosomes (GDEs) promote the generation of the immunosuppressive microenvironment are still unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of GDEs on autophagy, the polarization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and glioma progression. Compared with normoxic glioma-derived exosomes (N-GDEs), hypoxic glioma-derived exosomes (H-GDEs) markedly facilitated autophagy and M2-like macrophage polarization, which subsequently promoted glioma proliferation and migration in vitro and in vivo. Western blot and qRT-PCR analyses indicated that interleukin 6 (IL-6) and miR-155-3p were highly expressed in H-GDEs. Further experiments showed that IL-6 and miR-155-3p induced M2-like macrophage polarization via the IL-6-pSTAT3-miR-155-3p-autophagy-pSTAT3 positive feedback loop, which promotes glioma progression. Our study clarifies a mechanism by which hypoxia and glioma influence autophagy and M2-like macrophage polarization via exosomes, which could advance the formation of the immunosuppressive microenvironment. Our findings suggest that IL-6 and miR-155-3p may be novel biomarkers for diagnosing glioma and that treatments targeting autophagy and the STAT3 pathway may contribute to antitumor immunotherapy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.