ArticleVaccine: X2019
Use of self-reported vaccination status can bias vaccine effectiveness estimates from test-negative studies.
Article in Vaccine: X, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Use of Test-negative Controls to Monitor Vaccine Effectiveness: A Systematic Review of Methodology.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2020Pooled it
- Vector-Induced Humoral Responses After rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP Immunization Identify Vaccinated Individuals and Correlate With Ebola Virus Glycoprotein Antibodies.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Trial
- Validity of influenza vaccine effectiveness calculations using a test-negative design in Thailand.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Effectiveness of 2024/25 KP.2 Vaccine Against Outpatient COVID-19 in Canada.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2026Article
- Evaluating the Test-Negative Design for COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness Using Randomized Trial Data: A Secondary Cross-Protocol Analysis of 5 Randomized Clinical Trials.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Article
- Estimation of vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2-associated hospitalization using sentinel surveillance in South Africa.International journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Accuracy of Self-Reported COVID-19 Vaccination Status Compared With a Public Health Vaccination Registry in Québec: Observational Diagnostic Study.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2023Observational
- Article
- Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against All-Cause Mortality Following Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza in Older Adults, 2010-2011 to 2015-2016 Seasons in Ontario, Canada.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021Article
- Effectiveness of the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine against vaccine serotype pneumococcal pneumonia in adults: A case-control test-negative design study.PLoS medicine · 2020Article
- Variations in Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness due to Study Characteristics: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Test-Negative Design Studies.Open forum infectious diseases · 2020Review
- Influenza vaccine effectiveness against hospitalizations in children and older adults-Data from South America, 2013-2017. A test negative design.Vaccine: X · 2019Article
- Challenges in estimating influenza vaccine effectiveness.Expert review of vaccines · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionA number of national/multi-national networks provide annual estimates of influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) based on the test-negative design. Most of these networks use subject self-reports to define influenza vaccination history. In this study, we used simulations to estimate the degree to which self-reported vaccination status can bias test-negative VE estimates.
methodsWe simulated a population whose members are at risk for acute respiratory illness (ARI) due to influenza and for ARI due to other respiratory pathogens. Vaccination was assumed to reduce the risk of influenza but not of non-influenza ARI. We simulated a range of possible values for VE and for vaccine coverage. Across simulations, we varied the sensitivity and specificity of self-reported vaccination status relative to true vaccination. We estimated bias as the percent difference in VE in the presence of misclassification relative to true simulated VE.
resultsAssuming self-report has sensitivity of 95% and specificity of 90%, estimated VE underestimated true VE by 16% (95% confidence interval, 4-30%). Decreasing specificity of self-reports resulted in greater bias than decreasing sensitivity of self-reports. Bias also increased as vaccine coverage decreased.
conclusionsThe use of self-reported influenza vaccination history can meaningfully bias influenza VE in test-negative studies. Researchers using test-negative designs should attempt to supplement or validate self-reported vaccination history using additional data sources.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.