ReviewClinical rheumatology2021
Are antiphospholipid antibodies just a common epiphenomenon or are they causative of immune-mediated coagulopathy in COVID-19?
Review in Clinical rheumatology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pentasystem embolism associated with transient antiphospholipid antibodies in severe M.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Anti-neuronal and anti-mitochondrial autoantibodies are associated with lower functional status and more severe respiratory symptoms in post COVID syndrome.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Assessing the Burden of Thromboembolic Complications in Outpatient COVID-19 Cases: A Focused Study on Patients Followed in Primary Care.The Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale · 2025Article
- Autoantibodies to protein S may explain rare cases of coagulopathy following COVID-19 vaccination.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Two Cases of Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP) Related to Viral Vector Vaccination ChAdOx1-S (AstraZeneca) and a Good Response after Thrombopoietin Receptor Agonist (TPO-RA) Therapy.Hematology reports · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2 infection and SLE: endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, and thrombosis.Clinical rheumatology · 2023Review
- Article
- Molecular Pathogenesis of Endotheliopathy and Endotheliopathic Syndromes, Leading to Inflammation and Microthrombosis, and Various Hemostatic Clinical Phenotypes Based on "Two-Activation Theory of the Endothelium" and "Two-Path Unifying Theory" of Hemostasis.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2022Review
- Should a recent SARS-CoV-2 infection be considered a risk or prognostic factor for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction?Archivos de cardiologia de Mexico · 2022Article
- Frequency of positive antiphospholipid antibodies in pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection and impact on pregnancy outcome: A single-center prospective study on 151 pregnancies.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Vaccine-Associated Thrombocytopenia and Thrombosis: Venous Endotheliopathy Leading to Venous Combined Micro-Macrothrombosis.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2021Review
- Usefulness of Easy-to-Use Risk Scoring Systems Rated in the Emergency Department to Predict Major Adverse Outcomes in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Article
- Stroke Mechanism in COVID-19 Infection: A Prospective Case-Control Study.Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association · 2021Article
- Laboratory testing for suspected COVID-19 vaccine-induced (immune) thrombotic thrombocytopenia.International journal of laboratory hematology · 2021Review
- Anti-Phospholipid Antibodies and COVID-19 Thrombosis: A Co-Star, Not a Supporting Actor.Biomedicines · 2021Article
- The Role of Antiphospholipid Antibodies in COVID-19.Current rheumatology reports · 2021Review
- Untangling the Intricacies of Infection, Thrombosis, Vaccination, and Antiphospholipid Antibodies for COVID-19.SN comprehensive clinical medicine · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the largest public health emergency in recent times. A significant number of patients develop a severe form of COVID-19 characterized by coagulopathy, organ failure, and elevated mortality. In addition, an unusually high frequency of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) has been found in patients with COVID-19. These clinical and serological manifestations closely resemble those seen in the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), especially in its catastrophic form, suggesting a role of aPLs in immune-associated coagulopathy. However, government bodies such as the American Society of Hematology have spoken out against the systematic search for aPLs in patients with COVID-19. In an attempt to bridge the gap on this hot topic, we conducted a comprehensive review of currently available cohort studies and case series systematically evaluating aPLs in COVID-19 patients. In this Perspective, we seek to identify both the frequency and the type of aPLs found in patients with COVID-19, as well as the potential association of these aPLs with vascular thrombosis and other distinctive characteristics of COVID-19. Furthermore, we investigated whether there is evidence that allows us to define the occurrence of aPLs in COVID-19 as an epiphenomenon, as has been observed in other systemic viral infections, or as antibodies against self-antigens bearing hallmarks that suggest a pathogenic role in immune-mediated thrombosis. Defining whether aPLs represent an epiphenomenon or they are actually involved in hemostatic abnormalities of COVID-19 is crucial both for uncovering novel mechanisms of immune-mediated thrombosis and for identifying potential prognostic biomarkers in this devastating disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.