Observational studyInfluenza and other respiratory viruses2021
Differentiating impacts of non-pharmaceutical interventions on non-coronavirus disease-2019 respiratory viral infections: Hospital-based retrospective observational study in Taiwan.
Observational study in Influenza and other respiratory viruses, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Common respiratory virus spectrum and epidemiological trends among children in Northwest China during the post-COVID-19 era.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2026Article
- Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 nonpharmaceutical interventions on influenza epidemiology: A retrospective analysis in Hebei Province, China from 2019 to 2023.The Journal of international medical research · 2026Article
- Ecological reshaping of pediatric respiratory pathogen profiles after COVID-19-related non-pharmaceutical interventions were lifted: a 5-year interrupted time-series study.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Air pollution, inhaled therapy and COPD exacerbations in Yunlin, Taiwan: a 2016-2024 single-centre retrospective cohort with environmental and carbon-footprint analyses.BMJ open respiratory research · 2025Observational
- Respiratory virus circulation during pandemic: Why were some viruses still circulating?Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] · 2025Review
- Respiratory Virus Prevalence Across Pre-, During-, and Post-SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic Periods.Viruses · 2025Article
- Epidemiological and clinical profile of viral respiratory infections in children under 5 years at pre- and post-COVID-19 era in Praia, Cabo Verde.Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH · 2025Article
- A Spatial analysis of chickenpox in Chongqing, China, during 2015-2023.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Seizure Control in Pediatric Epilepsy: Risk Factors and Clinical Outcomes.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Disinfection methods for preventing COVID-19 infections in healthcare settings: A rapid review.Journal of public health in Africa · 2025Review
- Global, regional, and national burden of upper respiratory infections and otitis media, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Impact of COVID-19 and Nonpharmaceutical Interventions on Common Respiratory Viruses in Children: A 5-Year Study in Hangzhou, China.Intervirology · 2025Article
- Changing clinical characteristics of pediatric inpatients with pneumonia during COVID-19 pandamic: a retrospective study.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2024Article
- The Impact of Non-pharmacological Interventions Measures Against COVID-19 on Respiratory Virus in Preschool Children in Henan, China.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2024Observational
- Impact of COVID‑19 pandemic restrictions and subsequent relaxation on the prevalence of respiratory virus hospitalizations in children.BMC pediatrics · 2024Review
- Burden changes in notifiable infectious diseases in Taiwan during the COVID-19 pandemic.PeerJ · 2024Article
- The indirect impacts of nonpharmacological COVID-19 control measures on other infectious diseases in Yinchuan, Northwest China: a time series study.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Review
- The epidemiological features of pediatric viral respiratory infection during the COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan.Journal of microbiology, immunology, and infection = Wei mian yu gan ran za zhi · 2022Observational
- Circulating pediatric respiratory pathogens in Taiwan during 2020: Dynamic change under low COVID-19 incidence.Journal of microbiology, immunology, and infection = Wei mian yu gan ran za zhi · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPhysical distancing and facemask use are worldwide recognized as effective non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) against the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Since January 2020, Taiwan has introduced both NPIs but their effectiveness on non-COVID-19 respiratory viruses (NCRVs) remain underexplored.
methodsThis retrospective observational study examined electronic records at a tertiary hospital in northern Taiwan from pre-COVID (January-December 2019) to post-COVID period (January-May 2020). Patients with respiratory syndromes were tested for both enveloped (eg, influenza virus and seasonal coronavirus) and non-enveloped RVs (eg, enterovirus and rhinovirus) using multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays. Monthly positivity rates of NCRVs among adult and pediatric patients were analyzed with comparison between pre- and post-COVID periods.
resultsA total of 9693 patients underwent 12 127 multiplex RT-PCR tests. The average positivity rate of NCRVs reduced by 11.2% (25.6% to 14.4%) after nationwide PHIs. Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, the most commonly identified enveloped and non-enveloped viruses were influenza virus and enterovirus/rhinovirus, respectively. Observed reduction in NCRV incidence was predominantly contributed by enveloped NCRVs including influenza viruses. We did not observe epidemiological impacts of NPIs on non-enveloped viruses but an increasing trend in enterovirus/rhinovirus test positivity rate among pediatric patients. Our data were validated using Taiwan's national notification database.
conclusionsOur frontline investigation suggests that the current NPIs in Taiwan might not effectively control the transmission of non-enveloped respiratory viruses, despite their protective effects against influenza and seasonal coronavirus. Health authorities may consider using hydrogen peroxide or chloride-based disinfectants as additional preventative strategies against non-enveloped respiratory viruses in the post-COVID-19 era.
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