ArticleEye (London, England)2022
Effects of hormonal contraceptives on dry eye disease: a population-based study.
Article in Eye (London, England), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex-related differences and hormonal effects in the Dry Eye Assessment and Management (DREAM) study.The British journal of ophthalmology · 2023Trial
- Impact of gender-affirming hormone therapy on dry eye.Journal of clinical & translational endocrinology · 2026Article
- Current and Developing Therapeutics for Dry Eye Disease: Targeting Ion Channels.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Dry Eye Disease: From Causes to Patient Care and Clinical Collaboration-A Narrative Review.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2025Review
- Hormonal Contraceptive Influence on Baseline Vestibular/Ocular Symptomatology and Provocation for Concussion.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2024Article
- Assessment of the prevalence and risk factors for dry eye symptoms among Romanian medical students using the ocular surface disease index - a cross-sectional study.BMC ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Dry eye disease: identification and therapeutic strategies for primary care clinicians and clinical specialists.Annals of medicine · 2023Review
- Hormones and dry eye disease.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2023Review
- Prevalence of Dry Eye Symptoms and Associated Risk Factors among University Students in Poland.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Comparison of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors vs Glucagonlike Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Incidence of Dry Eye Disease in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes in Taiwan.JAMA network open · 2022Article
- Hyaluronic Acid and Galacto-Xyloglucan Eyedrop Efficacy in Young-Adult Oral Contraceptive Users of Childbearing Age.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHormonal contraceptives (HCs) are a known risk factor for dry eye disease (DED), yet the relationship between HCs use and DED in women of child-bearing age remains debatable. The aim of this study was to determine the association between HCs and DED in females of reproductive age.
methodsThis was a retrospective cohort study using data from IQVIA's electronic medical record (IQVIA, USA). 4,871,504 women (age 15-45) between 2008 and 2018 were followed to the first diagnosis of DED as defined by an ICD-9/10 code. DED cases also required at least two prescriptions of cyclosporine or lifitegrast topical drops within 60 days of the first code. The date of the first code was designated as the index date. Regular HCs users needed to have at least two prescriptions in both the first year and second year prior to the index date. For each case, five controls were selected and matched to cases by age and follow-up time. A conditional logistic regression model was used to adjust for confounders of DED and to calculate odds ratios (ORs).
resultsHCs users were at a higher risk for DED than non-users. Regular users of HCs were more likely to develop DED (ORs = 2.73, 95% CI [2.21-3.73]) than irregular users. Those who used a greater number of HCs were at a higher risk for DED.
conclusionsThis study indicates an increased risk of DED with HCs use in women of child-bearing age.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.