ReviewNature reviews. Drug discovery2021
Emerging concepts in the science of vaccine adjuvants.
Review in Nature reviews. Drug discovery, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 770 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
770 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,297 citations in OpenAlex.
- An integrated AI-driven vaccine design process: a systematic review of workflows from generative design to translational prediction.Immunologic research · 2026Pooled it
- A systematic review on vaccine developmental approaches: Evaluating efficacy, and addressing challenges of infectious diseases in the post-COVID-19 era.Virus research · 2026Pooled it
- Assessing the Risk of Myocarditis Post-COVID-19 Vaccination: A Systematic Review of Case Reports from 2023 to 2025.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2026Pooled it
- Dissociation between humoral and multi-omic immune responses to inactivated COVID-19 vaccination in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Trial
- Safety and immunogenicity of PHH-1V booster against SARS-CoV-2 variants, including omicron subvariants: Results from a phase IIb open-label extension study.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Trial
- Oligosaccharide adjuvant-deferred antigen endocytosis promotes cross-presentation.Bioactive materials · 2027Article
- Benzothiazole derivatives target oligoadenylate synthetase and enhance RSV vaccine efficacy as adjuvants.Bioactive materials · 2027Article
- Rational design of next-generation vaccine adjuvants: From molecular mechanisms to hybrid delivery platforms.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Next-generation vaccine adjuvants: Integrating nanotechnology, systems immunology, and computational approaches for precision vaccinology.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Monocyte-derived galectin-1Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Synthesis and In Vivo Immunological Evaluation of Novel Saponin-Antigen Conjugates Incorporating Tumor-Associated Carbohydrate and Peptide Epitopes.Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Article
- Recombinant Antibody Vaccines for Targeted Antigen Delivery: Design Principles and Immunological Applications.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Article
- Characterization of Seasonal Trivalent Influenza Vaccine Formulated with Different Ratios (Vaccines · 2026Article
- The 21-nanometer window: How endothelial pores reshape our understanding of antigen dissemination.The Journal of physiology · 2026Article
- Low reactogenicity and high tumour antigen expression from mRNA-LNPs with membrane-destabilizing zwitterionic lipids.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Recent developments in cancer immuno-interception strategies.Trends in molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Zwitterionic lipid design enhances mRNA cancer vaccine efficacy and reduces reactogenicity.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Development and Immunogenicity Evaluation of Baculovirus-Expressed Feline Bocavirus VP2 Virus-like Particles Vaccine in a Mouse Model.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Reprogramming immunometabolism: linking nutrient sensing, cell death, and therapeutic innovation.Immunologic research · 2026Review
710 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Adjuvants are vaccine components that enhance the magnitude, breadth and durability of the immune response. Following its introduction in the 1920s, alum remained the only adjuvant licensed for human use for the next 70 years. Since the 1990s, a further five adjuvants have been included in licensed vaccines, but the molecular mechanisms by which these adjuvants work remain only partially understood. However, a revolution in our understanding of the activation of the innate immune system through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is improving the mechanistic understanding of adjuvants, and recent conceptual advances highlight the notion that tissue damage, different forms of cell death, and metabolic and nutrient sensors can all modulate the innate immune system to activate adaptive immunity. Furthermore, recent advances in the use of systems biology to probe the molecular networks driving immune response to vaccines ('systems vaccinology') are revealing mechanistic insights and providing a new paradigm for the vaccine discovery and development process. Here, we review the 'known knowns' and 'known unknowns' of adjuvants, discuss these emerging concepts and highlight how our expanding knowledge about innate immunity and systems vaccinology are revitalizing the science and development of novel adjuvants for use in vaccines against COVID-19 and future pandemics.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.