ReviewNature reviews. Immunology2021
Endothelial dysfunction and immunothrombosis as key pathogenic mechanisms in COVID-19.
Review in Nature reviews. Immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 616 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
616 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 942 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between COVID-19 and New-Onset Autoimmune Diseases: Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 97 Million Individuals.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Viral Infections and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Pooled it
- COVID19 infection and vaccination and the risk of pituitary apoplexy: an entangled yarn.Endocrine · 2025Pooled it
- Potential use of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors during acute illness: a systematic review based on COVID-19.Endocrine · 2024Pooled it
- Phase IIB, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of Intravenous Defibrotide for the Prevention and Treatment of Respiratory Distress and Cytokine Release Syndrome in COVID-19.European journal of haematology · 2026Trial
- sST2 is a key outcome biomarker in COVID-19: insights from discovery randomized trial.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Trajectories of Inflammatory Markers and Post-COVID-19 Cognitive Symptoms: A Secondary Analysis of the CONTAIN COVID-19 Randomized Trial.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2024Trial
- COVID-19 as a Modifier of Genetically Determined Coagulation Phenotype: Implications for Precision Risk Stratification After Infection.Biochemical genetics · 2026Observational
- Artificial intelligence in biomarker discovery for diseases: diagnostic and therapeutic prospects.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Neutrophils promote endothelial cell activation in pediatric Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia.JCI insight · 2026Article
- The "Double-Edged Sword" of Neutrophils in Trauma: From Pathophysiological Mechanisms to Precision Immunomodulation Strategies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Extracellular Vesicles as Molecular Regulators of Viral Infection: Implications for COVID-19 and Future Viral Pandemics.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- A late-stage multi-dimensional intervention rescues lethal viral pneumonia in an aged hamster model.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Article
- Venous Thromboembolism in Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia at High-Altitude Areas: Prevalence, Risk and Outcome.The clinical respiratory journal · 2026Article
- Mechanism of Shuangshen Xionglian Granule in Attenuating EndMT in Atherosclerosis via the FGFR1-TGF-β/Smad2 Axis.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2026Article
- Revisiting endothelial tropism of SARS-CoV-2 using a cell-specific hACE2 mouse model.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Microvascular remodeling and endothelial dysfunction across the post-COVID-19 spectrum: a prospective observational case-control study.BMC medicine · 2026Observational
- Ninjurin2 Promotes Pulmonary Endothelial Barrier Dysfunction Through VEGF/VEGFR2 Signaling Pathway.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2026Article
- Exercise and Cardiovascular Risk Modulation in Post-COVID Syndrome.Current atherosclerosis reports · 2026Review
- The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): epidemiology, etiology, molecular mechanisms, diagnosis and therapeutic strategies.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
556 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 7 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a clinical syndrome caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Patients with severe disease show hyperactivation of the immune system, which can affect multiple organs besides the lungs. Here, we propose that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces a process known as immunothrombosis, in which activated neutrophils and monocytes interact with platelets and the coagulation cascade, leading to intravascular clot formation in small and larger vessels. Microthrombotic complications may contribute to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other organ dysfunctions. Therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing immunothrombosis may therefore be useful. Several antithrombotic and immunomodulating drugs have been proposed as candidates to treat patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The growing understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection pathogenesis and how it contributes to critical illness and its complications may help to improve risk stratification and develop targeted therapies to reduce the acute and long-term consequences of this disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.