ArticleBMC cancer2021
TIM3 expression on TILs is associated with poor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced triple-negative breast cancer.
Article in BMC cancer, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- LAG-3Frontiers in oncology · 2022Pooled it
- Chemotherapeutics as Immune Modulators for the Treatment of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.Cancers · 2026Review
- Adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells promote an exhaustion-associated phenotype in T cells through TIM-3 upregulation independent of PD-1.Discover oncology · 2026Article
- Immune Infiltration, Effector T-Cell Enrichment, and Functional Context for Prediction of Pathologic Complete Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Current Status of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Treatment Responsive Biomarkers for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.Thoracic cancer · 2025Review
- Harnessing Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Opportunities and Barriers to Clinical Integration.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Reprogramming the breast tumor immune microenvironment: cold-to-hot transition for enhanced immunotherapy.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2025Review
- Immune evasion and resistance in breast cancer.American journal of cancer research · 2025Review
- Immunohistochemical Expression of PD-L1 and CTLA-4 in Triple Negative Breast Cancer and Their Prognostic Associations.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2025Article
- Markers of Predicting Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer: New in Molecular Oncology.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2024Review
- Simultaneous targeting of Tim3 and A2a receptors modulates MSLN-CAR T cell antitumor function in a human cervical tumor xenograft model.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Tumor immune microenvironment components and the other markers can predict the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2023Review
- A comprehensive profiling of the immune microenvironment of breast cancer brain metastases.Neuro-oncology · 2022Article
- High co-expression of immune checkpoint receptors PD-1, CTLA-4, LAG-3, TIM-3, and TIGIT on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in early-stage breast cancer.World journal of surgical oncology · 2022Article
- Prognostic significance of the expression levels of T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 and its ligand galectin-9 for relapse-free survival in triple-negative breast cancer.Oncology letters · 2022Article
- Combination Biomarker of Immune Checkpoints Predict Prognosis of Urothelial Carcinoma.Biomedicines · 2021Article
- Review
- The Emerging Role of T-Cell Immunoglobulin Mucin-3 in Breast Cancer: A Promising Target For Immunotherapy.Frontiers in oncology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe expression of immune checkpoint receptors (ICRs) on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is associated with better response to immunotherapies via immune checkpoint inhibitors. Therefore, we investigated various ICR expressions on TILs in patients with locally advanced triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC).
methodsExpressions of ICRs were examined immunohistochemically in surgical specimens (n = 61) using monoclonal antibodies for PDL-1, PD-1, TIM-3, LAG-3, and CTLA-4. Positivity was defined as staining > 1% on TILs.
resultsThe median age was 49 (24-76) years. The majority of patients were clinically T3-4 (n = 31, 50.8%) and clinically N1-3 (n = 58, 95.1%) before NAC. Of those, 82% were found to have CTLA-4 positivity, whereas PD1, PDL-1, LAG3, and TIM-3 expressions on TILs were 62.3, 50.9, 26.2, and 68.9%. A high expression of CTLA-4 was found to be associated with a better chemotherapy response (OR = 7.94, 95% CI: 0.9-70.12, p = 0.06), whereas TIM-3 positivity was contrarily associated with a worse chemotherapy response (OR = 0.253, 95% CI: 0.066-0.974, p = 0.047) as measured by the MDACC Residual Cancer Burden Index. At a 47-month follow-up, ypN0 (DFS; HR = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.12-0.83, p = 0.02 and DSS; HR = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.07-0.62, p = 0.005) and CTLA-4 high expression on TILs (DFS; HR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.17-0.85, p = 0.019 and DSS; HR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.15-0.78, p = 0.01) were found to be associated with improved survival.
conclusionsThese findings demonstrate that CTLA-4, PD-1, PDL-1, and TIM-3 were highly expressed in TNBC. Based on these high expression patterns, further studies directed towards combined therapies are warranted in advanced TNBC in future.
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