ArticleInternational health2022
Assessing the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure and impoverishment from out-of-pocket payments and their determinants in Bangladesh: evidence from the nationwide Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2016.
Article in International health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Catastrophic health expenditure and associated factors in low-, lower-middle and upper-middle-income countries: systematic review and meta-analysis.Global health action · 2026Pooled it
- Understanding variation in catastrophic health expenditure from socio-ecological aspect: a systematic review.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Post Discharge mHealth and Teach-Back Communication Effectiveness on Hospital Readmissions: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- Willingness-to-Pay for Health Insurance in South Asia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Public health challenges · 2026Review
- Catastrophic health expenditures and medical impoverishment in Bangladesh: evidence from the Household Income and Expenditure Survey.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Catastrophic health expenditures associated with single admission for paediatric surgery in a low-resource setting: a multicentre study.BMJ global health · 2026Article
- Implementation Effect of a Pilot Urban Primary Health Care Model on the Usage of Health Care From Medically Trained Providers for Chronic Diseases Among Slum Populations in Bangladesh: Findings From an Implementation Research Study.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2026Article
- Cost of diabetes and hypertension care among patients in rural Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- The effect of air pollution on catastrophic health expenditure among middle-aged and older adults in China.PloS one · 2026Article
- Exploring the effects catastrophic health expenditure due to non-communicable diseases and coping strategies: A case study among households in Bangladesh.Public health in practice (Oxford, England) · 2025Article
- Financing surgery in LMICs: building sustainable and equitable systems for universal surgical access - a narrative review.BMC surgery · 2025Review
- Disease-specific distress healthcare financing and catastrophic out-of-pocket expenditure for hospitalization care in Bangladesh.Cost effectiveness and resource allocation : C/E · 2025Article
- Unmet healthcare needs, out-of-pocket payments and catastrophic health expenditures among hypertensive adults in Bangladesh.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Effect of a public health protection scheme for the below-poverty-line population on out-of-pocket inpatient care expenditure in Bangladesh: findings from a quasi-experimental study.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Out-of-pocket cost and financial catastrophe of patients with cancer: the alarming cost-of-illness in Bangladesh.International journal for equity in health · 2025Article
- Catastrophic and impoverishing out-of-pocket health expenditure in Ethiopia: evidence from the Ethiopia socioeconomic survey.Health economics review · 2025Article
- Spatio-temporal patterns and determinants of persistent catastrophic health expenditure in China: evidence from the China Family Panel Studies.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Most vulnerable diet and health profiles: identifying countries at risk through a three-theme clustering.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Factors affecting out-of-pocket expenditures for chronic and acute illnesses in Bangladesh.PloS one · 2025Article
- Patient Satisfaction With the Health Care Services of a Government-Financed Health Protection Scheme in Bangladesh: Cross-Sectional Study.JMIR formative research · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundOut-of-pocket (OOP) payments for healthcare have been increasing steadily in Bangladesh, which deteriorates the financial risk protection of many households.
methodsWe aimed to investigate the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) and impoverishment from OOP payments and their determinants. We employed nationally representative Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2016 data with a sample of 46 076 households. A household that made OOP payments of >10% of its total or 40% of its non-food expenditure was considered to be facing CHE. We estimated the impoverishment using both national and international poverty lines. Multiple logistic models were employed to identify the determinants of CHE and impoverishment.
resultsThe incidence of CHE was estimated as 24.6% and 10.9% using 10% of the total and 40% of non-food expenditure as thresholds, respectively, and these were concentrated among the poor. About 4.5% of the population (8.61 million) fell into poverty during 2016. Utilization of private facilities, the presence of older people, chronic illness and geographical location were the main determinants of both CHE and impoverishment.
conclusionThe financial hardship due to OOP payments was high and it should be reduced by regulating the private health sector and covering the care of older people and chronic illness by prepayment-financing mechanisms.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.