Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33823370›Full record

ArticleAtherosclerosis2021

Risk of peripheral artery disease according to race and sex: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study.

Caitlin W Hicks, Ning Ding, Lucia Kwak, Shoshana H Ballew, Corey A Kalbaugh, Aaron R Folsom, Gerardo Heiss, Josef Coresh, James H Black, Elizabeth Selvin and 1 more

Open access · greenAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Atherosclerosis, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
16citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
3.8field-weighted citation impact, top 6% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 19 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Peripheral artery disease In West Africans with diabetes: a risk factor profile analysis.International journal of cardiology. Cardiovascular risk and prevention · 2025
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.

Caitlin W HicksDivision of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. Electronic address: chicks11@jhmi.edu.
Ning DingDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Lucia KwakDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Shoshana H BallewDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Corey A KalbaughDepartment of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
Aaron R FolsomDivision of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Gerardo HeissDepartment of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Josef CoreshDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
James H BlackDivision of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Elizabeth SelvinDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Kunihiro MatsushitaDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Johns Hopkins University · USClemson University · USUniversity of Minnesota · USUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill · US

Funding

Diabetes and Prediabetes in Older Adults in ARICR01DK089174 · NIDDK · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI SELVIN, ELIZABETH · 2011 to 2020
$6.4M
Risk Factors and Outcomes Associated with Late-Life Diabetic Peripheral NeuropathyK23DK124515 · NIDDK · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI HICKS, CAITLIN WHITNEY · 2020 to 2024
$898k
Research and Mentoring in the Clinical Epidemiology of Type 2 DiabetesK24DK106414 · NIDDK · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI SELVIN, ELIZABETH · 2015 to 2019
$654k
National Trend and Predictors of Critical Limb Ischemia HospitalizationsR21HL133694 · NHLBI · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI MATSUSHITA, KUNIHIRO · 2016 to 2017
$245k
NHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201700001CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201700001INHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201700002CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201700002INHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201700003CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201700003INHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201700004CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201700004INHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201700005CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201700005INHLBI NIH HHS R21 HL133694NIDDK NIH HHS K23 DK124515NIDDK NIH HHS K24 DK106414NIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK089174
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND

aimsPrevious community-based studies have demonstrated sex and race-based disparities in the risk of cardiovascular disease. We sought to examine the association of sex and race with incident peripheral artery disease (PAD-) and critical limb ischemia (CLI-) related hospitalizations.

methodsIn 13,451 Black and White ARIC participants without prevalent PAD at baseline (1987-89), we estimated the cumulative incidence of PAD- and CLI-related hospitalization over a median follow-up of 26 years. We quantified hazard ratios (HRs) using Cox models across four sex- and race-groups. PAD and CLI were defined by hospitalization discharge codes.

resultsThe cumulative incidence of PAD-related hospitalization was higher in males than females in Whites (5.1% vs. 2.7%; p<0.001) but not in Blacks (5.7% vs. 5.0%; p=0.39). The cumulative incidence of CLI-related hospitalization differed significantly by race more than sex, occurring in 3.1% Black males, 3.1% Black females, 1.4% White males, and 0.8% White females (p<0.001). After risk factor adjustment, the risk of incident PAD-related hospitalization was similar for White males vs. White females [HR 1.14, 95%CI 0.90-1.45], and slightly higher for Black males [HR 1.26, 95%CI 0.92-1.72] and Black females [HR 1.39, 95%CI 1.03-1.87] compared to White females. The adjusted risk of incident CLI-related hospitalization was similar for White males vs. White females [HR 1.15, 95%CI 0.75-1.76], and significantly higher for Black males [HR 1.96, 95%CI 1.22-3.16] and Black females [HR 2.06, 95%CI 1.31-3.24] compared to White females.

conclusionsThese data suggest that there are both sex- and race-specific patterns of PAD-related hospitalization that lead to differences in clinical disease risk and presentation.

Indexed as

AtherosclerosisPeripheral Arterial DiseaseFemaleHumansIncidenceMaleRisk AssessmentRisk FactorsCritical limb ischemiaDisparitiesEthnicityPeripheral artery diseaseRaceRisk

Identifiers

PMID33823370
PMCPMC8096721
OpenAlexW3150753379

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.