ArticleJCI insight2021
Natural mucosal barriers and COVID-19 in children.
Article in JCI insight, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 112 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
112 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 167 citations in OpenAlex.
- Duration of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in children after natural infection or vaccination in the omicron and pre-omicron era: A systematic review of clinical and immunological studies.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Circulating Type I Interferon Levels and COVID-19 Severity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- LF-EMF Compound Block Type Signal Activates Human Neutrophilic Granulocytes In Vivo.Bioelectromagnetics · 2022Trial
- Children and Adults With Mild COVID-19: Dynamics of the Memory T Cell Response up to 10 Months.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Trial
- Review
- Observational
- The adult nasal mucosa is defined by distinct immune profiles that modulate in-vitro SARS-CoV-2 infection.Respiratory research · 2026Article
- Interleukins in COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 Variants: Immunopathogenesis, Therapeutic Perspectives and Vaccine-Induced Immune Responses.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- The adult nasal mucosa is defined by distinct immune profiles that modulate in-vitro SARS-CoV-2 infection.Research square · 2026Article
- Immune Delay, Beyond Immune Evasion, as a Driver of Pathogen Propagation Competence Through Neutrophil Dysregulation, to be Mitigated by Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields (LF-EMF).International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Spatiotemporal and demographic patterns of SARS-CoV-2 entry gene expression in a Lebanese cohort.Molecular biology reports · 2025Article
- The Expression Pattern of the Splice Variants of Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor Impacts CV-B3-Induced Encephalitis and Myocarditis in Neonatal Mice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 induced immune perturbations in infants vary with disease severity and differ from adults' responses.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Functional T cell response to COVID-19 vaccination with or without natural infection with SARS-CoV-2 in adults and children.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Detection of Live Attenuated Measles Virus in the Respiratory Tract Following Subcutaneous Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccination.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Overview of mucosal immunity and respiratory infections in children: a focus on Africa.Current opinion in pediatrics · 2025Review
- Age-associated differences in mucosal and systemic host responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Interferon Epsilon: Properties and Functions.Current molecular medicine · 2025Review
- Assessing the Value of T cell Monitoring in the General Population of Children and Adolescents - Insights From the Ciao Corona Cohort Study.International journal of public health · 2025Observational
- The underlying mechanism behind the different outcomes of COVID-19 in children and adults.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
52 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUNDCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is more benign in children compared with adults for unknown reasons. This contrasts with other respiratory viruses where disease manifestations are often more severe in children. We hypothesize that a more robust early innate immune response to SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) protects against severe disease.METHODSClinical outcomes, SARS-CoV-2 viral copies, and cellular gene expression were compared in nasopharyngeal swabs obtained at the time of presentation to the emergency department from 12 children and 27 adults using bulk RNA sequencing and quantitative reverse-transcription PCR. Total protein, cytokines, and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA were quantified in nasal fluid.RESULTSSARS-CoV-2 copies, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, and TMPRSS2 gene expression were similar in children and adults, but children displayed higher expression of genes associated with IFN signaling, NLRP3 inflammasome, and other innate pathways. Higher levels of IFN-α2, IFN-γ, IP-10, IL-8, and IL-1β protein were detected in nasal fluid in children versus adults. Children also expressed higher levels of genes associated with immune cells, whereas expression of those associated with epithelial cells did not differ in children versus adults. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA and IgG were detected at similar levels in nasal fluid from both groups. None of the children required supplemental oxygen, whereas 7 adults did (P = 0.03); 4 adults died.CONCLUSIONThese findings provide direct evidence of a more vigorous early mucosal immune response in children compared with adults and suggest that this contributes to favorable clinical outcomes.FUNDINGNIH grants R01 AI134367, UL1 TR002556, T32 AI007501, T32GM007288, P30 AI124414; an Albert Einstein College of Medicine Dean's COVID-19 Pilot Research Award; and the Eric J. Heyer, MD, PhD Translational Research Pilot Project Award.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.