ArticleThe Journal of clinical investigation2021
SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce broad CD4+ T cell responses that recognize SARS-CoV-2 variants and HCoV-NL63.
Article in The Journal of clinical investigation, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 110 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
110 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 186 citations in OpenAlex.
- Post-COVID-19 Vaccination Meningitis and Meningoencephalitis: A Systematic Review of Case Series and Case Reports.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2025Pooled it
- Ascertaining the mechanistic etiology of COVID-associated glomerulonephritis: a systematic review.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- A systemic review of T-cell epitopes defined from the proteome of SARS-CoV-2.Virus research · 2023Pooled it
- Potency of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2 variants of concern: A systematic review of in vitro studies.Reviews in medical virology · 2022Pooled it
- A first-in-human trial on the safety and immunogenicity of COVID-eVax, a cellular response-skewed DNA vaccine against COVID-19.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2023Trial
- CD4+ T cells from COVID-19 mRNA vaccine recipients recognize a conserved epitope present in diverse coronaviruses.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2022Trial
- DNA origami vaccine nanoparticles improve humoral and cellular immune responses to infectious diseases.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2-Induced Macrophage Polarization Reverses HIV-1 Latency in J-Lat Cells Through TNFα Signaling.Journal of immunology research · 2026Article
- Conserved CD4 T-cell responses correlate with antibody neutralization in solid organ transplant recipients after bivalent SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- CORSA study finds spike-specific blunted immune responses in lymphoma patients after SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- A modular mRNA vaccine platform encoding antigen-presenting capsid virus-like particles enhances the immunogenicity of the malaria antigen Pfs25.Nature nanotechnology · 2025Article
- Article
- Longitudinal Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Immunity in Hemodialysis Patients Post Omicron.Kidney international reports · 2025Article
- A Cocktail of Lipid Nanoparticle-mRNA Vaccines Broaden Immune Responses against β-Coronaviruses in a Murine Model.Viruses · 2024Article
- Bivalent mRNA COVID vaccines elicit predominantly cross-reactive CD4Cell reports. Medicine · 2024Article
- The Influence of Cross-Reactive T Cells in COVID-19.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Article
- Immunogenicity and Tolerance of BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Patients.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Sustained cell-mediated but not humoral responses in rituximab-treated rheumatic patients after vaccination against SARS-CoV-2.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2024Article
- A quest for universal anti-SARS-CoV-2 T cell assay: systematic review, meta-analysis, and experimental validation.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
50 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Recent studies have shown T cell cross-recognition of SARS-CoV-2 and common cold coronavirus spike proteins. However, the effect of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines on T cell responses to common cold coronaviruses (CCCs) remains unknown. In this study, we analyzed CD4+ T cell responses to spike peptides from SARS-CoV-2 and 3 CCCs (HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-OC43) before and after study participants received Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) or Moderna (mRNA-1273) mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines. Vaccine recipients showed broad T cell responses to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, and we identified 23 distinct targeted peptides in 9 participants, including 1 peptide that was targeted in 6 individuals. Only 4 of these 23 targeted peptides would potentially be affected by mutations in the UK (B.1.1.7) and South African (B.1.351) variants, and CD4+ T cells from vaccine recipients recognized the 2 variant spike proteins as effectively as they recognized the spike protein from the ancestral virus. Interestingly, we observed a 3-fold increase in the CD4+ T cell responses to HCoV-NL63 spike peptides after vaccination. Our results suggest that T cell responses elicited or enhanced by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines may be able to control SARS-CoV-2 variants and lead to cross-protection against some endemic coronaviruses.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.