ArticleMed (New York, N.Y.)2021
Alterations in T and B cell function persist in convalescent COVID-19 patients.
Article in Med (New York, N.Y.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 103 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
103 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 166 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pathophysiological Mechanisms in Long COVID: A Mixed Method Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Pooled it
- Increased interleukin-6 is associated with long COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2023Pooled it
- Fatigue and cognitive impairment in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2022Pooled it
- Post-Hospitalisation COVID-19 Rehabilitation (PHOSP-R): a randomised controlled trial of exercise-based rehabilitation.The European respiratory journal · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Multi-reflecting time-of-flight mass spectrometry enables high-accuracy metabolite identification in a demonstration study using serum samples from COVID-19 patients.Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society · 2026Article
- Persistent cytolytic CD8Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Characterisation of a cohort of opportunistically recruited patients with COVID-19 and approaches to patient stratification.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Immune Priming and the Risk of COVID-19, Influenza, and Other Acute Respiratory Infections: Insights From an N3C Cohort.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2026Article
- Longitudinal trajectories of hematological indices and serum metalloproteinases-2 and 9 over 1 year after moderate and severe COVID-19.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Biological Plausibility Between Long-COVID and Periodontal Disease Development or Progression.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Comparable Immune Alterations and Inflammatory Signatures in ME/CFS and Long COVID.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- The role of complement in long COVID pathogenesis.JCI insight · 2025Review
- An Epidemic of Parvovirus B19-Induced Aplastic Crises in Pediatric Patients with Hereditary Spherocytosis Following the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Single-Center Retrospective Study.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- PD-L1Nature communications · 2025Article
- Inhibition of kinin B1 receptor alleviates SARS-CoV-2-induced long-lasting cardiovascular complications.American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology · 2025Article
- Solid Organ Transplants Caused by COVID-19 Infection and the Outcome of Transplantation Post-COVID-19: A Systematic Review.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- A single-cell RNA sequencing dataset of peripheral blood cells in long COVID patients on herbal therapy.Scientific data · 2025Article
- Chronic inflammation in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 modulates gut microbiome: a review of literature on COVID-19 sequelae and gut dysbiosis.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Review
- Early Immune Cell and Antibody Kinetics Following SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Healthy Adults and Low-Count Monoclonal B-Cell Lymphocytosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
43 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
24 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundEmerging studies indicate that some coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients suffer from persistent symptoms, including breathlessness and chronic fatigue; however, the long-term immune response in these patients presently remains ill-defined.
methodsHere, we describe the phenotypic and functional characteristics of B and T cells in hospitalized COVID-19 patients during acute disease and at 3-6 months of convalescence.
findingsWe report that the alterations in B cell subsets observed in acute COVID-19 patients were largely recovered in convalescent patients. In contrast, T cells from convalescent patients displayed continued alterations with persistence of a cytotoxic program evident in CD8
conclusionsOur data detail lymphocyte alterations in previously hospitalized COVID-19 patients up to 6 months following hospital discharge and identify 3 subgroups of convalescent patients based on distinct lymphocyte phenotypes, with 1 subgroup associated with poorer clinical outcome. We propose that alterations in B and T cell function following hospitalization with COVID-19 could affect longer-term immunity and contribute to some persistent symptoms observed in convalescent COVID-19 patients.
fundingProvided by UKRI, Lister Institute of Preventative Medicine, the Wellcome Trust, The Kennedy Trust for Rheumatology Research, and 3M Global Giving.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.