Observational studyThe clinical respiratory journal2021
Clinical and etiological analysis of co-infections and secondary infections in COVID-19 patients: An observational study.
Observational study in The clinical respiratory journal, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antimicrobial resistance in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet. Microbe · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Impact of Coinfection With SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza on Disease Severity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2021Pooled it
- Leveraging innovative diagnostics as a tool to contain superbugs.Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · 2025Review
- Aprotinin (I): Understanding the Role of Host Proteases in COVID-19 and the Importance of Pharmacologically Regulating Their Function.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Nasal carriage of virulent and multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a possible comorbidity of COVID-19.Molecular biology reports · 2024Article
- Changes in clinical parameters and inflammatory markers after blood culture collection facilitate early identification of positive culture in adult patients with COVID-19 and clinically suspected bloodstream infection.The Journal of international medical research · 2024Article
- Mortality in hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 patients with contemporaneous bacterial and fungal infections.Antimicrobial stewardship & healthcare epidemiology : ASHE · 2024Article
- The Impact of Viral and Bacterial Co-Infections and Home Antibiotic Treatment in SARS-CoV-2 Hospitalized Patients at the Policlinico Tor Vergata Hospital, Rome, Italy.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Prevalence of early bacterial co-infection in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia: a retrospective study.Journal of thoracic disease · 2023Article
- An Observational Study to Develop a Predictive Model for Bacterial Pneumonia Diagnosis in Severe COVID-19 Patients-C19-PNEUMOSCORE.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- [Metagenomic next-generation sequencing of plasma for the identification of bloodstream infectious pathogens in severe aplastic anemia].Zhonghua xue ye xue za zhi = Zhonghua xueyexue zazhi · 2023Article
- Clinical metagenomics-challenges and future prospects.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Review
- Bacterial coinfections in hospitalized children with COVID-19 during the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 variant pandemic in Taiwan.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Article
- Structure of the AlgKX modification and secretion complex required for alginate production and biofilm attachment in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Nature communications · 2022Article
- Analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid metatranscriptomes among patients with COVID-19 disease.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) associated bacterial coinfection: Incidence, diagnosis and treatment.Journal of microbiology, immunology, and infection = Wei mian yu gan ran za zhi · 2022Review
- The current landscape of microRNAs (miRNAs) in bacterial pneumonia: opportunities and challenges.Cellular & molecular biology letters · 2022Review
- Enhanced endocytosis elevated virulence and severity of SARS-CoV-2 due to hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetic patients.Gene reports · 2022Review
- SARS-CoV-2-Legionella Co-Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2020-2021).Microorganisms · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCo-infections, secondary bacterial or fungal infections, are important risk factors for poor outcomes in viral infections. The prevalence of co-infection and secondary infection in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 is not well understood.
aimsTo investigate the role of co-infections and secondary infections in disease severity of hospitalized individuals with COVID-19. MATERIALS AND
methodsA retrospective study was carried out between 11 January 2020 and 1 March 2020 among 408 laboratory confirmed COVID-19 patients in China. These patients were divided into three groups based on disease severity: mild or moderate, severe, or critically ill. Microbiological pathogens in blood, urine, and respiratory tract specimens were detected by the combination of culture, serology, polymerase chain reaction, and metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS).
resultsThe median age of participants was 48 years (IQR 34-60 years). Fifty-two patients (12.7%) had at least one additional pathogen, 8.1% were co-infected, and 5.1% had a secondary infection. There were 13 Mycoplasma pneumoniae cases, 8 Haemophilus influenzae cases, 8 respiratory viruses, and 3 Streptococcus pneumoniae cases, primarily detected in mild and moderate COVID-19 patients. Hospital-acquired infection pathogens were more common in critically ill patients. Compared to those without additional pathogens, patients with co-infections and/or secondary infections were more likely to receive antibiotics (p < 0.001) and have elevated levels of d-dimer (p = 0.0012), interleukin-6 (p = 0.0027), and procalcitonin (p = 0.0002). The performance of conventional culture was comparable with that of mNGS in diagnosis of secondary infections.
conclusionCo-infections and secondary infections existed in hospitalized COVID-19 patients and were relevant to the disease severity. Screening of common respiratory pathogens and hospital infection control should be strengthened.
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Registered trials
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