ArticleJournal of oral rehabilitation2021
Diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (DC/TMD) for children and adolescents: An international Delphi study-Part 1-Development of Axis I.
Article in Journal of oral rehabilitation, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 108 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparative evaluation of cognitive behavioural therapy versus standard treatment in temporomandibular disorders: A systematic review.Journal of oral rehabilitation · 2025Pooled it
- The impact of malocclusion on the prevalence of pain-related temporomandibular disorders in children and adolescents: a systematic review.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- LED Photobiomodulation for Pain Reduction in Temporomandibular Disorder: A Randomized, Controlled, and Blinded Clinical Trial.Journal of biophotonics · 2026Trial
- A novel fully guided technique for botulinum toxin injection in lateral pterygoid muscle using muscle segmentation for TMJ disc displacement with reduction: a randomized controlled trial.BMC oral health · 2025Trial
- Short-term effects of vascular photobiomodulation on temporomandibular disorders in children: a randomized, controlled, single-blind pilot study.Lasers in medical science · 2025Trial
- Anxiety, symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD), and awake bruxism in children: an observational study.European archives of paediatric dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry · 2026Observational
- Paediatric Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) Assessment: Standardising Clinical Assessment.International journal of paediatric dentistry · 2026Article
- Clinical Findings Related to Temporomandibular Disorders in Schoolchildren Aged 4-16 Years: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of personalized medicine · 2026Article
- Painful temporomandibular disorders, sleep bruxism, and anxiety symptoms in adolescents: a cross-sectional study.Odontology · 2026Article
- Temporomandibular Joint Involvement in Paediatric Patients Affected by Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis.Journal of oral rehabilitation · 2026Observational
- Temporomandibular disorders in children and adolescents: an underexplored condition in need of developmentally informed diagnostic guidance.Pain management · 2026Review
- The Impact of Complex Oral Rehabilitation on TMJ and Postural Alterations in Patients with Scapulohumeral Fractures.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Characterizing pain and psychosocial profiles in adolescents with temporomandibular disorders: A cross-sectional case-control study.Journal of the American Dental Association (1939) · 2026Article
- Orthodontists' Perceived Knowledge, Confidence, and Clinical Practices in Pediatric Temporomandibular Disorders.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Temporomandibular disorders prevalence and associated factors among adolescents in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia: a school-based cross-sectional study.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Sex differences in pain and psychosocial burden in adolescent temporomandibular disorders.Cranio : the journal of craniomandibular practice · 2026Article
- Criterion Validity of the Isometric Contraction Test for Diagnosis of Axis I DC/TMD Considering Specific Muscles.Journal of oral rehabilitation · 2025Article
- Mandibular Asymmetry, Generalized Joint Hypermobility, and Temporomandibular Disorders in Pre-Orthodontic Growing Individuals: A Cross-Sectional Clinical-Radiographic Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Statistical Validation of Unsupervised Clustering for Adolescent TMD: A Cross-Sectional Study.Oral diseases · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
24 authors at 16 institutions in 13 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSince in children and adolescence prevalence is assessed mainly on self-reported or proxy-reported signs and symptoms; there is a need to develop a more comprehensive standardised process for the collection of clinical information and the diagnosis of TMD in these populations.
objectiveTo develop new instruments and to adapt the diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (DC/TMD) for the evaluation of TMD in children and adolescents.
methodA modified Delphi method was used to seek international consensus among TMD experts. Fourteen clinicians and researchers in the field of oro-facial pain and TMD worldwide were invited to participate in a workshop initiated by the International Network for Orofacial Pain and Related Disorders Methodology (INfORM scientific network) at the General Session of the International Association for Dental Research (IADR, London 2018), as the first step in the Delphi process. Participants discussed the protocols required to make physical diagnoses included in the Axis I of the DC/TMD. Thereafter, nine experts in the field were added, and the first Delphi round was created. This survey included 60 statements for Axis I, and the experts were asked to respond to each statement on a five-item Likert scale ranging from 'Strongly disagree' to 'Strongly agree'. Consensus level was set at 80% agreement for the first round, and at 70% for the next.
resultsAfter three rounds of the Delphi process, a consensus among TMD experts was achieved and two adapted DC/TMD protocols for Axis I physical diagnoses for children and adolescents were developed.
conclusionThrough international consensus among TMD experts, this study adapted the Axis I of the DC/TMD for use in evaluating TMD in children and adolescents.
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