ArticleiScience2021
Seasonal and daytime variation in multiple immune parameters in humans: Evidence from 329,261 participants of the UK Biobank cohort.
Article in iScience, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 67 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
67 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Circadian Variation in the Response to Vaccination: A Systematic Review and Evidence Appraisal.Journal of biological rhythms · 2024Pooled it
- Impact of an eight-week isocaloric vegan dietary intervention on hemogram parameters and lymphocyte subsets: a randomized-controlled trial.BMC medicine · 2026Trial
- UVdose: an R package for estimating ambient vitamin D-effective UVB and erythemal UV doses.Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology · 2026Article
- Seasonality of Cytokines in Inflammatory Disease: Exploring Molecular Parallels with the Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon.Biology · 2026Review
- Eosinophil biology in COPD: from scientific insight to clinical treatment action.ERJ open research · 2026Review
- Diet-responsive proteogenomic effects following short-term restriction of animal products in humans.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Restoration of anti-bacterial innate immune cell function lags behind nutritional recovery among children convalescing from complicated severe acute malnutrition.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Lifetime exposure to shift work and risk of multiple sclerosis: retrospective and prospective cohort studies in UK Biobank.Occupational and environmental medicine · 2026Article
- The impact of geomagnetic disturbances on mortality from respiratory tract infections in the USA, 2000-2019.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- Seasonal variation in inflammatory biomarkers and blood pressure among patients with ischemic stroke: the influence of clinical confounding factors.BMC neurology · 2026Article
- A temporal dialogue between the circadian clock and chronic inflammatory diseases.Disease models & mechanisms · 2026Review
- The Decline in Influenza Antibody Titers and Modifiers of Vaccine Immunity from over Ten Years of Serological Data.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Article
- Short-term animal product dietary restriction alters metabolic profiles and modulates immune function.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- Effect of subcutaneous lidocaine-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) on quality of life in patients with post-COVID condition: a 36-week observational interrupted time series study.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Article
- Genome-wide gene-environment interaction study uncovers 162 vitamin D status variants using a precise ambient UVB measure.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Dialogue Between the Clock Gene Bmal1 and Retinopathy: What Is the Exact Relationship?CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2025Review
- Systemic immunosuppression from ultraviolet radiation exposure inhibits cancer immunotherapy.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
- Circadian metabolism in myeloid cells.Life metabolism · 2025Review
- Atlas of Cerebrospinal Fluid Immune Cells Across Neurological Diseases.Annals of neurology · 2025Article
7 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Seasonal disease outbreaks are perennial features of human infectious disease but the factors generating these patterns are unclear. Here we investigate seasonal and daytime variability in multiple immune parameters in 329,261 participants in UK Biobank and test for associations with a wide range of environmental and lifestyle factors, including changes in day length, outdoor temperature and vitamin D at the time the blood sample was collected. Seasonal patterns were evident in lymphocyte and neutrophil counts, and C-reactive protein CRP, but not monocytes, and these were independent of lifestyle, demographic, and environmental factors. All the immune parameters assessed demonstrated significant daytime variation that was independent of confounding factors. At a population level, human immune parameters vary across season and across time of day, independent of multiple confounding factors. Both season and time of day are fundamental dimensions of immune function that should be considered in all studies of immuno-prophylaxis and disease transmission.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.