ArticleFrontiers in veterinary science2021
An Ancient Practice but a New Paradigm: Personal Choice for the Age to Spay or Neuter a Dog.
Article in Frontiers in veterinary science, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- Cutaneous mast cell tumors in dogs: Association with gonadectomy.Brazilian journal of veterinary medicine · 2026Article
- Systematic Review: Does Pre-Pubertal Spaying Reduce the Risk of Canine Mammary Tumours?Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Review
- Histomorphological Changes in the Canine Epididymis During Downregulation and Recovery After Deslorelin Treatment.Reproduction in domestic animals = Zuchthygiene · 2025Article
- Personality Unleashed: Surveying Correlation of Neuter Status and Social Behaviour in Mixed-Breed Male Dogs across Weight Classes.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- From "Husky" to "Bulldog"- behavioural correlates between castration and breed groups in the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris).BMC veterinary research · 2024Article
- Risk factor analysis and clinicopathological characteristics of female dogs with mammary tumours from a single-center retrospective study in Poland.Scientific reports · 2024Article
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- National Dog Survey: Describing UK Dog and Ownership Demographics.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- The Welfare of Fighting Dogs: Wounds, Neurobiology of Pain, Legal Aspects and the Potential Role of the Veterinary Profession.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2022Review
- Life tables of annual life expectancy and mortality for companion dogs in the United Kingdom.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture in Dogs: Review on Biomechanics, Etiopathogenetic Factors and Rehabilitation.Veterinary sciences · 2021Review
- The Animal Welfare Science of Working Dogs: Current Perspectives on Recent Advances and Future Directions.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Extensive practice and knowledge of the methods and effects of castration of male livestock and even humans has been widespread since ancient times, but only a few decades ago did neutering (including spaying) become a routine part of canine husbandry. In the US, the 6-month neuter became standard practice. Only recently, however, have some of the consequences of this major physiological alteration become evident. As the data-based study on 35 breeds reveals, there are major breed differences associated with effects of neutering, especially with early neutering, including increased risks of joint disorders and some cancers. The study of mixed-breed dogs reveals that the risk of joint disorders is increased in the large dogs. Implications of breed-specific and sex-specific effects for age of neutering have prompted the consideration of a new paradigm with regard to this practice. This involves focusing on each individual dog when deciding upon the appropriate age of neutering to avoid increasing the risk of a joint disorder or cancer above that inherent for the breed. For many breeds, particularly the smaller dogs, no effects were found for the age of neutering on joint disorders and the cancers followed. In these cases, the caregiver has a wide range of choice for neutering without increasing the dog's risk for these diseases. In the future, additional research may reveal more about other increased risks for age-related cognitive dysfunction or elevated levels of luteinizing hormone caused by gonad removal, and lead to revised guidelines.
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