ReviewFrontiers in nutrition2021
The Looming Effects of Estrogen in Covid-19: A Rocky Rollout.
Review in Frontiers in nutrition, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 104 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between sex hormones and innate cytotoxic capacity of circulating and rectal mucosal immune cells.Clinical immunology communications · 2026Article
- Sex hormones and gender differences in immune responses and anticancer immunity: a comprehensive review.Biologia futura · 2026Review
- Recent advances in drug repositioning and rediscovery for different therapeutic activities utilizing updated technological approaches.Molecular diversity · 2026Review
- SARS-CoV-2 infection and gut-lung axis: the potential role of rifaximin.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- The potential role of carvedilol in COVID-19 management: perspective and take-away.Inflammopharmacology · 2025Review
- Epigenetic Regulation of Neutrophils in ARDS.Cells · 2025Review
- Broad-Spectrum Adverse Events of Special Interests Based on Immune Response Following COVID-19 Vaccination: A Large-Scale Population-Based Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Reporting rates of abnormal uterine bleeding after COVID-19 vaccination in South Korea.Frontiers in drug safety and regulation · 2025Article
- Integrated neurobehavioral and organ-specific safety profiling of baicalin: acute/subacute toxicity studies.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Effect of Pituitary-Target Gland Axis on RAAS in the Context of COVID-19.International journal of medical sciences · 2025Review
- Review
- Sex differences in airway disease: estrogen and airway surface liquid dynamics.Biology of sex differences · 2024Review
- New insights on the potential effect of progesterone in Covid-19: Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2023Review
- SARS-CoV-2 infection and dysregulation of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway.Cell stress & chaperones · 2023Review
- NEURO-COVAX: An Italian Population-Based Study of Neurological Complications after COVID-19 Vaccinations.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Insights on Covid-19 with superimposed pulmonary histoplasmosis: The possible nexus.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2023Review
- Hyperviscosity syndrome in COVID-19 and related vaccines: exploring of uncertainties.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2023Review
- SARS-CoV-2 Systemic Effects: New Clues.Microorganisms · 2023Article
- Novel Indoline Spiropyrans Based on Human Hormones β-Estradiol and Estrone: Synthesis, Structure, Chromogenic and Cytotoxic Properties.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Mixed storm in SARS-CoV-2 infection: A narrative review and new term in the Covid-19 era.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2023Review
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In the face of the Covid-19 pandemic, an intensive number of studies have been performed to understand in a deeper way the mechanisms behind better or worse clinical outcomes. Epidemiologically, men subjects are more prone to severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections than women, with a similar scenario being also stated to the previous coronavirus diseases, namely, SARS-CoV in 2003 and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus diseases (MERS-CoV) in 2012. In addition, and despite that aging is regarded as an independent risk factor for the severe form of the disease, even so, women protection is evident. In this way, it has been expected that sex hormones are the main determinant factors in gender differences, with the immunomodulatory effects of estrogen in different viral infections, chiefly in Covid-19, attracting more attention as it might explain the case-fatality rate and predisposition of men for Covid-19 severity. Here, we aim to provide a mini-review and an overview on the protective effects of estrogen in Covid-19. Different search strategies were performed including Scopus, Web of Science, Medline, Pubmed, and Google Scholar database to find relative studies. Findings of the present study illustrated that women have a powerful immunomodulating effect against Covid-19 through the effect of estrogen. This study illustrates that estrogens have noteworthy anti-inflammatory and immuno-modulatory effects in Covid-19. Also, estrogen hormone reduces SARS-CoV-2 infectivity through modulation of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways. This study highlighted the potential protective effect of estrogen against Covid-19 and recommended for future clinical trial and prospective studies to elucidate and confirm this protective effect.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.