ReviewFrontiers in neurology2021
Effects of Menopause in Women With Multiple Sclerosis: An Evidence-Based Review.
Review in Frontiers in neurology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Menopause and neurological disorders: a roadmap for research.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2026Review
- Understanding the Role of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- The Neurology of Menopause.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2026Review
- Demyelinating disorders in women: epidemiology, immunology, and clinical implications across MS, NMOSD, and MOGAD.Journal of neurology · 2026Review
- Expert Opinion on Age-Related Sex Hormone Changes and Hypogonadism in People With Multiple Sclerosis: A Delphi Consensus Program.Neurology. Clinical practice · 2026Review
- Menopause is a physiological progression event for women with multiple sclerosis: Yes.Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) · 2026Article
- Menopause and multiple sclerosis: A scoping review of symptoms, disease course, and lived experience.Maturitas · 2026Article
- Multiple Sclerosis in Women: Impact of Different Life Stages on Treatment Decisions.CNS drugs · 2026Review
- Sex and gender-related differences in neurological diseases: current challenges and recommendations for clinical practice.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Review
- Menopause Impact on Multiple Sclerosis Disability Progression.JAMA neurology · 2025Article
- Beyond the optic disc: Investigating gender-based differences in optic neuritis.World journal of clinical cases · 2025Review
- Characteristics of Disease Relapses and Their Relationships with Weather Conditions in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Association of Menopause With Functional Outcomes and Disease Biomarkers in Women With Multiple Sclerosis.Neurology · 2025Observational
- The influence of menopause on multiple sclerosis.European journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Neurologic Care for Transgender and Gender-Diverse People: A Review of Current Evidence and Clinical Implications.Neurology. Clinical practice · 2024Review
- Management of multiple sclerosis in older adults: review of current evidence and future perspectives.Journal of neurology · 2024Review
- Managing multiple sclerosis in individuals aged 55 and above: a comprehensive review.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Patterns and predictors of multiple sclerosis phenotype transition.Brain communications · 2024Article
- Well-being at midlife: Correlates of mental health in ambulatory menopausal women with multiple sclerosis.Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) · 2023Article
- Clinical course of multiple sclerosis and patient experiences during breast cancer treatment.Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 6 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Over two thirds of all individuals who develop multiple sclerosis (MS) will be women prior to the age of menopause. Further, an estimated 30% of the current MS population consists of peri- or postmenopausal women. The presence of MS does not appear to influence age of menopausal onset. In clinical practice, symptoms of MS and menopause can frequently overlap, including disturbances in cognition, mood, sleep, and bladder function, which can create challenges in ascertaining the likely cause of symptoms to be treated. A holistic and comprehensive approach to address these common physical and psychological changes is often suggested to patients during menopause. Although some studies have suggested that women with MS experience reduced relapse rates and increased disability progression post menopause, the data are not consistent enough for firm conclusions to be drawn. Mechanisms through which postmenopausal women with MS may experience disability progression include neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration from age-associated phenomena such as immunosenescence and inflammaging. Additional effects are likely to result from reduced levels of estrogen, which affects MS disease course. Following early retrospective studies of women with MS receiving steroid hormones, more recent interventional trials of exogenous hormone use, albeit as oral contraceptive, have provided some indications of potential benefit on MS outcomes. This review summarizes current research on the effects of menopause in women with MS, including the psychological impact and symptoms of menopause on disease worsening, and the treatment options. Finally, we highlight the need for more inclusion of MS patients from underrepresented racial and geographic groups in clinical trials, including among menopausal women.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.