Observational studyClinical oral investigations2021
The association of Candida and antifungal therapy with pro-inflammatory cytokines in oral leukoplakia.
Observational study in Clinical oral investigations, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04712929 (Association of Candida and Antifungal Therapy With Pro-inflammatory Cytokines in Oral Leukoplakia- A Pilot Study), which is not on this map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Association of Candida and Antifungal Therapy With Pro-inflammatory Cytokines in Oral Leukoplakia- A Pilot Study
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Heterogeneous mechanisms, risk stratification, and translational advances in the malignant transformation of oral potentially malignant disorders to oral squamous cell carcinoma.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2026Review
- Fungal influence on immune cells and inflammatory responses in the tumor microenvironment (Review).Oncology letters · 2025Review
- Monoterpene antifungal activities: evaluating geraniol, citronellal, and linalool onFrontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Fungal Colonization and Infections-Interactions with Other Human Diseases.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Do all patients with oral leukoplakia need antifungal therapy?Clinical oral investigations · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo study the association of Candida and antifungal therapy with pro-inflammatory cytokines (PIC) in oral leukoplakia (OL). MATERIALS AND
methodsA prospective observational study where immunocompetent adult subjects with OL (30 homogenous (HL), 30 non-homogenous (NHL)) and 30 age and sex-matched healthy controls (C) with no predisposing factors for oral Candida infection were recruited. Sterile cotton swabs and ophthalmic sponges were used to sample the lesion surface in OL and buccal mucosa in C, for direct microscopy and culture for Candida and to determine levels of PIC (IL-6, IL-8. IL-17, TNF-α) by ELISA, respectively. Sampling for PIC was repeated at same sites in OL, 2 weeks after antifungal therapy.
resultsCandida was associated with 55.3% of NHL, 23.3% of HL and 13.3% of C. The oral secretary levels of PIC were raised in NHL as compared to HL and C. The levels of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α (p<0.001) and IL-17 (p<0.01) were significantly raised in Candida positive NHL while IL-6 (p<0.05) and TNF-α (p<0.01) were significantly raised in Candida positive HL before antifungal treatment. After antifungal treatment, there was significant reduction in PIC in Candida positive NHL and HL.
conclusionsCandida infection contributes to the inflammatory milieu in Candida associated OL which increases the risk of carcinogenesis. Antifungal therapy reduces the PIC in Candida associated OL. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Identification and elimination of predisposing factors for Candida infection, like cessation of harmful habits, maintenance of oral/denture hygiene, surveillance for Candida and antifungal therapy at intervals, are recommended in OL. CLINICAL
trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04712929.
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