ArticleCell reports2021
Drug repurposing screens reveal cell-type-specific entry pathways and FDA-approved drugs active against SARS-Cov-2.
Article in Cell reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 175 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
175 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 247 citations in OpenAlex.
- Wharton's Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Reduce SARS-CoV2-Induced Inflammatory Cytokines Under High Glucose and Uremic Toxin Conditions.Stem cells and development · 2021Pooled it
- Selective decay of interferon mRNAs controls antiviral immunity and innate memory.Molecular cell · 2026Article
- Repurposing screens reveal a role for PKCη and NF1 in SARS-CoV-2 infection.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- DNA oligonucleotides block viral entry of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- A dual-pronged host-directed therapeutic targeting cyclophilin A and pathogenic interferon response abrogates virus-triggered pregnancy pathologies.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Distinct virus-derived circular RNA molecule influences host response during SARS-CoV-2 infection.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Monensin and salinomycin exhibit broad-spectrum antiviral activity against enteroviruses by disrupting lysosomal acidification.Archives of virology · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 infects human primary cytotrophoblasts mainly through a non-canonical entry route.Molecular human reproduction · 2026Article
- Multifaceted Small Molecules as Enzyme Modulators: Cases of Drug Discovery/Repurposing Illustrating Nature's Pragmatism.BioMed research international · 2026Review
- Identification of effective synthetic molecules against viral-induced cytokine release syndrome using in silico and in vitro approaches.Molecular diversity · 2025Article
- Human Small Airway Epithelia Reveal Dichloroacetate as a Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Against Respiratory Viruses.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 infection enhancement by amphotericin B: implications for disease management.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Mechanism and spectrum of inhibition of viral polymerases by 2'-deoxy-2'-β-fluoro-4'-azidocytidine or azvudine.NAR molecular medicine · 2025Article
- COVID-19 management in patients with comorbid conditions.World journal of virology · 2025Review
- SARS-CoV-2 remodels the Golgi apparatus to facilitate viral assembly and secretion.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Deep Drug-Target Binding Affinity Prediction Base on Multiple Feature Extraction and Fusion.ACS omega · 2025Article
- Antimalarial compounds exhibit variant- and cell-type-specific activity against SARS-CoV-2 isolated in Panama.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Enhanced information cross-attention fusion for drug-target binding affinity prediction.PeerJ. Computer science · 2025Article
- Cell-based high-content approach for SARS-CoV-2 neutralization identifies unique monoclonal antibodies and PI3K pathway inhibitors.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2025Article
- Broad-spectrum coronavirus inhibitors discovered by modeling viral fusion dynamics.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2025Article
115 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
17 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
There is an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). To identify new candidates, we screen a repurposing library of ∼3,000 drugs. Screening in Vero cells finds few antivirals, while screening in human Huh7.5 cells validates 23 diverse antiviral drugs. Extending our studies to lung epithelial cells, we find that there are major differences in drug sensitivity and entry pathways used by SARS-CoV-2 in these cells. Entry in lung epithelial Calu-3 cells is pH independent and requires TMPRSS2, while entry in Vero and Huh7.5 cells requires low pH and triggering by acid-dependent endosomal proteases. Moreover, we find nine drugs are antiviral in respiratory cells, seven of which have been used in humans, and three are US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved, including cyclosporine. We find that the antiviral activity of cyclosporine is targeting Cyclophilin rather than calcineurin, revealing essential host targets that have the potential for rapid clinical implementation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.