ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2021
SARS-CoV-2 induces double-stranded RNA-mediated innate immune responses in respiratory epithelial-derived cells and cardiomyocytes.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 180 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
180 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 245 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tissue factor in COVID-19-associated coagulopathy.Thrombosis research · 2022Pooled it
- IRF7 Protects Against Severe Influenza A Infection Independently of TLR7 Recognition in Mice.Viruses · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 defective viral genomes from distinct genomic regions drive divergent interferon responses.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Coronavirus Nsp15 endoribonuclease: linking viral RNA regulation to immune evasion and viral fitness.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- hnRNPC facilitates coronavirus replication by directly binding the frameshift-stimulatory element of viral genomic RNA.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Maternal High Fat Diet and Acute Viral Mimic Exposure Impact Placental Inflammation, Lipid Peroxidation and Cellular Proliferation-to-Death Ratio Across Mouse Pregnancy.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Article
- Mitochondrial OXPHOS restricts SARS-CoV-2 replication.Science advances · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV disrupt host protein synthesis via nsp1 with differential effects on the integrated stress response.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Evolution of a truncated nucleocapsid protein enhances SARS-CoV-2 fitness by suppressing antiviral responses.PLoS biology · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Nsp15 facilitates immune evasion and viral replication by limiting multiple host innate immune pathways, including cGAS-STING.The Journal of general virology · 2026Article
- Liquid-liquid phase separation mediated immune evasion of respiratory syncytial virus against oligoadenylate synthetase-RNase L pathway.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Unbiased cleavage site prediction uncovers viral antagonism of host innate immunity by SARS-CoV-2 3C-like protease.JCI insight · 2026Article
- PRRSV Nsp11 antagonizes host antiviral immune response by reducing OAS1 and RNase L expressions.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- Human alphacoronavirus replication and innate immune induction in airway culture systems.mBio · 2026Article
- The OAS-RNase L pathway: Insights from experiments of nature.Science immunology · 2026Review
- Enhanced Isolation and Detection of COVID-19 in Hospitalized Patients Undergoing Antiviral Therapy.Emerging infectious diseases · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV disrupt host protein synthesis via nsp1 with differential effects on the integrated stress response.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 innate immune recognition and implications for respiratory health.Cytokine & growth factor reviews · 2025Review
- Convergent Evolution and Host-Limiting Impacts of SARS-CoV-2 Revealed by Cellular Experiments.Molecular biology and evolution · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Nsp15 endoribonuclease subverts host defenses to enhance viral fitness in lung cells.Journal of virology · 2025Article
120 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
- Update of
Authors and funding
20 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Coronaviruses are adept at evading host antiviral pathways induced by viral double-stranded RNA, including interferon (IFN) signaling, oligoadenylate synthetase-ribonuclease L (OAS-RNase L), and protein kinase R (PKR). While dysregulated or inadequate IFN responses have been associated with severe coronavirus infection, the extent to which the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 activates or antagonizes these pathways is relatively unknown. We found that SARS-CoV-2 infects patient-derived nasal epithelial cells, present at the initial site of infection; induced pluripotent stem cell-derived alveolar type 2 cells (iAT2), the major cell type infected in the lung; and cardiomyocytes (iCM), consistent with cardiovascular consequences of COVID-19 disease. Robust activation of IFN or OAS-RNase L is not observed in these cell types, whereas PKR activation is evident in iAT2 and iCM. In SARS-CoV-2-infected Calu-3 and A549
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.