ReviewGenes2021
The Diversity and Evolution of Sex Chromosomes in Frogs.
Review in Genes, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed.
- From field to genome: non-lethal, on-site nanopore-only assembly of the endangered Grenada Frog (Pristimantis euphronides).BMC genomics · 2026Article
- Evolution of a ZW sex determination system in sticklebacks.Science advances · 2026Article
- Multiple Origins of a Sex Ratio Supergene in Formica Ants.Molecular biology and evolution · 2026Article
- Causes and consequences of sex-chromosome turnovers in Diptera.Evolution letters · 2026Article
- Chromosome-specific drift under stabilizing selection generates polygenic barriers to sex chromosome turnover.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Genome-Wide Characterization of Sex-Linked Regions in the Sangzhi Horned Toad (Boulenophrys sangzhiensis) Reveals Complex Sex Determination Mechanisms.Molecular ecology resources · 2026Article
- Investigating the evolution of large meiotic rings of multiple X and Y sex chromosomes in two Leptodactylus frog species (Anura, Leptodactylidae).Communications biology · 2025Article
- Gene Duplication, Translocation, and Molecular Evolution ofBiomolecules · 2025Article
- The Tree of Sex consortium: a global initiative for studying the evolution of reproduction in eukaryotes.Journal of evolutionary biology · 2025Article
- New Insights into the Sex Chromosome Evolution of the Common Barker Frog Species Complex (Anura, Leptodactylidae) Inferred from Its Satellite DNA Content.Biomolecules · 2025Article
- Extreme heterochiasmy and high rates of sex-reversed recombination result in large yet homomorphic sex chromosomes in the Emei moustache toad.Genome research · 2025Article
- The fourspine stickleback (Apeltes quadracus) has an XY sex chromosome system with polymorphic inversions on both X and Y chromosomes.PLoS genetics · 2025Article
- Genetic differentiation in the MAT-proximal region is not sufficient for suppressing recombination in Podospora anserina.G3 (Bethesda, Md.) · 2025Article
- A Chromosome-level genome assembly of the American bullfrog (Aquarana catesbeiana).Scientific data · 2025Article
- Development and validation of sex-associated markers using whole-genome re-sequencing in frogFrontiers in genetics · 2025Article
- Comparative analysis of amphibian genomes: An emerging resource for basic and applied research.Molecular ecology resources · 2025Article
- Evolution and regulation of animal sex chromosomes.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2025Review
- Disruption of Sex-LinkedBiomolecules · 2024Article
- Rapid Sex Chromosome Turnover in African Clawed Frogs (Xenopus) and the Origins of New Sex Chromosomes.Molecular biology and evolution · 2024Article
- The Amphibian Genomics Consortium: advancing genomic and genetic resources for amphibian research and conservation.BMC genomics · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Frogs are ideal organisms for studying sex chromosome evolution because of their diversity in sex chromosome differentiation and sex-determination systems. We review 222 anuran frogs, spanning ~220 Myr of divergence, with characterized sex chromosomes, and discuss their evolution, phylogenetic distribution and transitions between homomorphic and heteromorphic states, as well as between sex-determination systems. Most (~75%) anurans have homomorphic sex chromosomes, with XY systems being three times more common than ZW systems. Most remaining anurans (~25%) have heteromorphic sex chromosomes, with XY and ZW systems almost equally represented. There are Y-autosome fusions in 11 species, and no W-/Z-/X-autosome fusions are known. The phylogeny represents at least 19 transitions between sex-determination systems and at least 16 cases of independent evolution of heteromorphic sex chromosomes from homomorphy, the likely ancestral state. Five lineages mostly have heteromorphic sex chromosomes, which might have evolved due to demographic and sexual selection attributes of those lineages. Males do not recombine over most of their genome, regardless of which is the heterogametic sex. Nevertheless, telomere-restricted recombination between ZW chromosomes has evolved at least once. More comparative genomic studies are needed to understand the evolutionary trajectories of sex chromosomes among frog lineages, especially in the ZW systems.
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