Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33810176›Full record

ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2021

MRI-Based Brain Tumor Classification Using Ensemble of Deep Features and Machine Learning Classifiers.

Jaeyong Kang, Zahid Ullah, Jeonghwan Gwak

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 100 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
100citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

100 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  7. Enhanced Brain Tumor Classification with Convolutional Neural Networks.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026
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40 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Jaeyong KangDepartment of Software, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Korea.ORCID 0000-0003-1211-2678
Zahid UllahDepartment of Software, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Korea.
Jeonghwan GwakDepartment of Software, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Korea.

Funding

National Research Foundation of Korea NRF-2019M3C7A1020406; NRF-2020R1I1A3074141
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Brain tumor classification plays an important role in clinical diagnosis and effective treatment. In this work, we propose a method for brain tumor classification using an ensemble of deep features and machine learning classifiers. In our proposed framework, we adopt the concept of transfer learning and uses several pre-trained deep convolutional neural networks to extract deep features from brain magnetic resonance (MR) images. The extracted deep features are then evaluated by several machine learning classifiers. The top three deep features which perform well on several machine learning classifiers are selected and concatenated as an ensemble of deep features which is then fed into several machine learning classifiers to predict the final output. To evaluate the different kinds of pre-trained models as a deep feature extractor, machine learning classifiers, and the effectiveness of an ensemble of deep feature for brain tumor classification, we use three different brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) datasets that are openly accessible from the web. Experimental results demonstrate that an ensemble of deep features can help improving performance significantly, and in most cases, support vector machine (SVM) with radial basis function (RBF) kernel outperforms other machine learning classifiers, especially for large datasets.

Indexed as

Brain NeoplasmsMachine LearningHumansMagnetic Resonance ImagingNeural Networks, ComputerSupport Vector Machinebrain tumor classificationdeep learningensemble learningmachine learningtransfer learning

Identifiers

PMID33810176
PMCPMC8004778

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.