ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2021
Occupational Paraquat and Glyphosate Exposure May Decline Renal Functions among Rural Farming Communities in Sri Lanka.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Heterogeneity in diagnostic criteria for chronic kidney disease of undetermined etiology (CKDu): a systematic review of the literature.BMC nephrology · 2025Pooled it
- A Pilot Study to Explore the Application of Silicone Wristband-Based Chemical Exposure Assessment to Kidney Disease Epidemiology in Agricultural Workers.Environmental health perspectives · 2026Article
- Towards ecological psychiatry: The herbicide glyphosate disrupts behavior through microbiota-gut-brain axis.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Glyphosate's role in renal tubular injury at low exposure levels: evidence from a patient cohort.Renal failure · 2026Article
- Low-dose exposure to organophosphate pesticides and chronic kidney disease: insights from urinary dialkyl phosphate biomarkers.Clinical and experimental nephrology · 2026Article
- Toxicological profiling and health hazard characterization of pesticides widely used in Tanzania unmarked.Toxicology reports · 2026Article
- Uncovering potential biomarkers for chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology through a network-based bioinformatic approach.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Article
- Evidence-Based Assessment of Pesticide-Related Nephrotoxicity: Clinical Outcomes, Experimental Data, and Molecular Signatures.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Melittin Nanoparticles Mitigate Glyphosate-Induced Nephrotoxicity via Cytokine Modulation and Bax/Nrf2 Pathways.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Air Pollution, Kidney Injury, and Green Nephrology-Thinking About Its Association and Causation.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Article
- Novel Lipid Biomarkers of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology Based on Urinary Small Extracellular Vesicles: A Pilot Study of Sugar Cane Workers.Metabolites · 2025Article
- Trehalose prevents glyphosate-induced kidney damage in roosters via inhibiting apoptosis.Veterinary research communications · 2025Article
- Systematic Review of Kidney Injury Biomarkers for the Evaluation of CKD of Uncertain Etiology.Kidney international reports · 2024Article
- Profile and risk factors in farmer injuries: a review based on Haddon matrix and 5 E's risk reduction strategy.Frontiers in public health · 2024Review
- Glyphosate and fluoride in high-hardness drinking water are positively associated with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka.Environmental science & technology letters · 2023Article
- The Hematological and Biochemical Effects from Pesticide Exposure on Thai Vegetable Farmers.Toxics · 2023Article
- An ecological study regarding the association between paraquat exposure and end stage renal disease.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2022Article
- Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in India: a comparative study with Mesoamerican and Sri Lankan nephropathy.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Extensive use of herbicides is common among rural agricultural workers in Sri Lanka. Recent studies have postulated their role in the development of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu). Paraquat and glyphosate are leading herbicides used by sugarcane farmers (SF), hence occupational exposure is inevitable. This study examined the expression of urinary paraquat, glyphosate and biomarkers among residential SF in CKDu emerging regions, Warunagama (WA) and Rahathangama (RH), in the Uva Province with non-endemic Matara (MA) in the Southern Province of Sri Lanka. Urinary glyphosate, Paraquat, kidney injury molecule -1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and β2-microglobulin (B2M) were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Urinary creatinine, microalbumin, serum creatinine (SCr), serum cystatin C, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) were also assessed. Generally, herbicide residues and kidney injury biomarkers were higher in SF compared to the non-endemic MA. Creatinine-adjusted urinary glyphosate and paraquat levels were significantly higher in WA compared to MA. ACR in RH (median 14.9; IQR 5.4-393.1 mg/g) and WA (23.7; 11.5-64.6) was significantly higher than MA (4.3; 2.2-6.7). This study reports 39 individuals with impaired kidney function among SF in Sri Lanka for the first time. Urinary NGAL levels were significantly higher in both WA (median 2.14; IQR 1.28-6.15 ng/mg Cr) and RH (3.09; 1.15-9.09) compared to MA (1.28; 0.56-2.81). However, urinary KIM-1 levels in RH (3.2; 1.29-106.1 ng/g Cr) and WA (3.6; 1.94-115.1) were not significantly higher in MA (1.74; 0.76-116.9). Urinary NGAL (r = 0.493), eGFR (r = -0.147) and ACR (r = 0.171) significantly correlated with urinary glyphosate, but not with urinary paraquat levels. Urinary KIM-1 levels did not correlate with either urinary glyphosate or paraquat, while urinary B2M and serum cystatin C levels showed significant correlation with urinary glyphosate levels. The current study reports higher urinary herbicide levels among sugarcane farmers in WA and RH, and that is potentially linked to the subsequent decline in kidney function, as indicated by ACR, eGFR, and NGAL. We posit that these indicators may serve as markers to detect renal injury among herbicide-exposed SF in Rural Sri Lanka.
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