ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2021
Defining Post-COVID Symptoms (Post-Acute COVID, Long COVID, Persistent Post-COVID): An Integrative Classification.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 227 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
227 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The global prevalence of depression, anxiety, and sleep disorder among patients coping with Post COVID-19 syndrome (long COVID): a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- Pharmacological evaluation of vitamin D in COVID-19 and long COVID-19: recent studies confirm clinical validation and highlight metformin to improve VDR sensitivity and efficacy.Inflammopharmacology · 2024Pooled it
- Definition and measurement of post-COVID-19 conditions in real-world practice: a global systematic literature review.BMJ open · 2024Pooled it
- Post-COVID-19 dyspnoea and pulmonary imaging: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2023Pooled it
- [Occupational Therapy Guideline for the management of sequelae of viral diseases with SARS-CoV-2 : Supplement to the S1 guidelines for the management of post-viral conditions exemplified by post-COVID-19].Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · 2023Guideline
- Robustness of reported postacute health outcomes in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review.Archives of disease in childhood · 2023Pooled it
- The role of vitamin B12 in viral infections: a comprehensive review of its relationship with the muscle-gut-brain axis and implications for SARS-CoV-2 infection.Nutrition reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Exercise rehabilitation in post COVID-19 patients: a randomized controlled trial of different training modalities.European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine · 2025Trial
- Effect of fluvoxamine on preventing neuropsychiatric symptoms of post COVID syndrome in mild to moderate patients, a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trial.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Trial
- Incidence and Risk Factors for Non-AIDS Comorbidities After COVID-19 in People Living With HIV in Atlanta, Georgia.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2026Article
- Post-Acute COVID-19 Symptoms Clusters and Work Status.Occupational Health · 2026Article
- NeuroCOVID Burden and Functional Impairment in Adults with Long COVID: A Secondary Analysis of an Italian Cohort.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Posterior Circulation Ischemic Stroke Occurring After ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/AZD1222 Vaccination Without Evidence of Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia: A Case Report and Focused Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Symptom, Functional, and Work Participation Profiles Among Racialized Canadians with Pre-Existing Mental Health Challenges and Long COVID: A Cross-Sectional Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- A mixed-methods study comparing clinical and patient-reported perspectives on long COVID: insights from electronic health records and narrative journal entries.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Observational
- Neuropathic Symptoms and Persistent Pain After Hospitalization for COVID-19: An 8-Month Longitudinal Follow-Up Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Serum Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Levels in Patients with Post-COVID-19 Fibrotic-like Lung Changes: A Cross-Sectional Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection symptom network centrality analysis of Taiwan population to unveil intricate symptomatology patterns.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Psychomotor and neurofunctional sequelae after COVID-19.Acta neuropsychiatrica · 2026Article
- Impact of COVID-19 on Respiratory Function: A Post-Recovery Comparative Assessment.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
167 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has provoked a second pandemic, the "long-haulers", i.e., individuals presenting with post-COVID symptoms. We propose that to determine the presence of post-COVID symptoms, symptoms should appear after the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection; however, this situation has some problems due to the fact that not all people infected by SARS-CoV-2 receive such diagnosis. Based on relapsing/remitting nature of post-COVID symptoms, the following integrative classification is proposed: potentially infection related-symptoms (up to 4-5 weeks), acute post-COVID symptoms (from week 5 to week 12), long post-COVID symptoms (from week 12 to week 24), and persistent post-COVID symptoms (lasting more than 24 weeks). The most important topic is to establish the time reference points. The classification also integrates predisposing intrinsic and extrinsic factors and hospitalization data which could promote post-COVID symptoms. The plethora of symptoms affecting multiple systems exhibited by "long-haulers" suggests the presence of different underlying mechanisms.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.