ReviewVaccines2021
Natural and Synthetic Saponins as Vaccine Adjuvants.
Review in Vaccines, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 69 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
69 citing papers in PubMed.
- Rational design of next-generation vaccine adjuvants: From molecular mechanisms to hybrid delivery platforms.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- TLR9 and STING agonists adjuvanted varicella-zoster virus glycoprotein E induced a potent and durable nasal vaccine response.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Advances in Vaccines Against Infectious Diseases.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Rapid and robust immune response boosting with potent, next-generation adjuvant in viral vector-primed primates.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Advances in the heterologous biosynthesis of QS saponins: a review.Microbial cell factories · 2026Review
- Sterol divergence across eukaryotic kingdoms determines membrane susceptibility to saponins, a class of plant defense compounds.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Saponin Chemistry Controls Anionic Lipid Tolerance and Divalent Metal Ion Responses in Magnetically Alignable Bicelles.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Impact of Side Chain Structure and Aglycon Carbonyl Group on the Immunostimulatory Activities of Semisynthetic Saponin Adjuvants.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2026Article
- Structure-activity Relationships of Triterpenoid Saponins Across Phylogenetically Diverse Organisms.Journal of chemical ecology · 2026Article
- Characterization of lipid solubilization, bicelle formation, and magnetic-alignment induced by saponins.Journal of colloid and interface science · 2026Article
- Swine Group A rotavirus vaccines: current status, adjuvant strategies, challenges, and future perspectives.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Review
- A single-dose mRNA vaccine induces potent and long-lasting humoral and cellular immunity against the varicella-zoster virus in a murine model.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Article
- Effectiveness of Recombinant Herpes Zoster Vaccine in the U.S. Medicare Population, 2018 to 2019, by Immunocompetence and Prior Receipt of Live Zoster Vaccine.Annals of internal medicine · 2025Article
- Review
- Eliciting antitumor immunity via therapeutic cancer vaccines.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2025Review
- Leaf Saponins ofPharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Recent advances in therapeutic cancer vaccines.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2025Review
- A highly stable lyophilized mRNA vaccine for Herpes Zoster provides potent cellular and humoral responses.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- One Health adjuvant selection for vaccines against zoonotic infections.Exploration of medicine · 2025Article
9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
Abstract
Saponin adjuvants have been extensively studied for their use in veterinary and human vaccines. Among them, QS-21 stands out owing to its unique profile of immunostimulating activity, inducing a balanced Th1/Th2 immunity, which is valuable to a broad scope of applications in combating various microbial pathogens, cancers, and other diseases. It has recently been approved for use in human vaccines as a key component of combination adjuvants, e.g., AS01b in Shingrix
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.