SynthesisInternational journal of environmental research and public health2021
Definition and Measurement of Physical and Chemical Restraint in Long-Term Care: A Systematic Review.
Synthesis in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Variations in definitions used for describing restrictive care practices (seclusion and restraint) in adult mental health inpatient units: a systematic review and content analysis.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2025Pooled it
- Routinized violence: examining long-term residential care workers' perspectives on involuntary treatment.The Gerontologist · 2026Article
- Physical restraint use in a United States intensive care unit-a retrospective cross sectional, single center cohort study from 2008 to 2022.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2026Article
- Development and Validation of Clinical Practice Standards for Physical Restraint in Hospitalized Patients: A Multi-Method Study.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2025Article
- Is physical restraint unethical and illegal?: a qualitative analysis of Korean written judgments.BMC nursing · 2024Article
- Physical restraints in nursing homes: A qualitative study with multiple stakeholders.Nursing open · 2024Article
- The Use of Alternative Rooms in Forensic and Regular Psychiatric Units: A Scoping Review.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Physical Restraint Use in Nursing Homes-Regional Variances and Ethical Considerations: A Scoping Review of Empirical Studies.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Prehospital Clinical Decision-Making for Medication Administration for Behavioral Emergencies.Kansas journal of medicine · 2023Article
- Incidence and type of restrictive practice use in nursing homes in Ireland.BMC geriatrics · 2022Article
- Association of surveillance technology and staff opinions with physical restraint use in nursing homes: Cross-sectional study.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2022Article
- The Swedish translation of Perceptions of Restraint Use Questionnaire (PRUQ): A test-retest reliability study in two dementia nursing homes.BMC geriatrics · 2021Article
- Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Restraint Use in Aged Care.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This systematic review aimed to identify thematic elements within definitions of physical and chemical restraint, compare explicit and implicit definitions, and synthesize reliability and validity of studies examining physical and/or chemical restraint use in long-term care. Studies were included that measured prevalence of physical and/or chemical restraint use, or evaluated an intervention to reduce restraint use in long-term care. 86 papers were included in this review, all discussed physical restraint use and 20 also discussed chemical restraint use. Seven themes were generated from definitions including: restraint method, setting resident is restrained in, stated intent, resident capacity to remove/control, caveats and exclusions, duration, frequency or number, and consent and resistance. None of the studies reported validity of measurement approaches. Inter-rater reliability was reported in 27 studies examining physical restraint use, and only one study of chemical restraint. Results were compared to an existing consensus definition of physical restraint, which was found to encompass many of the thematic domains found within explicit definitions. However, studies rarely applied measurement approaches that reflected all of the identified themes of definitions. It is necessary for a consensus definition of chemical restraint to be established and for measurement approaches to reflect the elements of definitions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.