ArticleViruses2021
HIV-1 Subtype C Drug Resistance Mutations in Heavily Treated Patients Failing Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitor-Based Regimens in Botswana.
Article in Viruses, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Trends in HIV-1 pretreatment drug resistance and HIV-1 variant dynamics among antiretroviral therapy-naive Ethiopians from 2003 to 2018: a pooled sequence analysis.Virology journal · 2023Pooled it
- Mutation-Tolerant Inhibition of HIV-1 Integrase Strand Transfer by Secondary Metabolites from the Endophytic FungusMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Pretreatment HIV-1 Drug Resistance Among Newly Diagnosed People in Eastern Ethiopia.Health science reports · 2025Article
- High prevalence of reverse transcriptase inhibitors associated resistance mutations among people living with HIV on dolutegravir-based antiretroviral therapy in Francistown, Botswana.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2025Article
- HIV Drug Resistance Profile in Clients Experiencing Treatment Failure After the Transition to a Dolutegravir-Based First-Line Antiretroviral Treatment Regimen in Mozambique.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Development and Optimization of Oligonucleotide Ligation Assay (OLA) Probes for Detection of HIV-1 Resistance to Dolutegravir.Viruses · 2024Article
- Real-world prevalence of integrase inhibitor resistance and virological failure since adoption as guideline-preferred therapy.Drugs in context · 2024Article
- Low prevalence of archived integrase strand transfer inhibitors resistance associated mutations in Botswana before the roll out of dolutegravir based first line antiretroviral therapy.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Review
- Review
- Article
- A computational overview of integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) against emerging and evolving drug-resistant HIV-1 integrase mutants.Archives of microbiology · 2023Review
- Review
- Doravirine-associated resistance mutations in antiretroviral therapy naïve and experienced adults with HIV-1 subtype C infection in Botswana.Journal of global antimicrobial resistance · 2022Article
- HIV-1 drug resistance mutations among individuals with low-level viraemia while taking combination ART in Botswana.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2022Article
- Pre-Treatment Integrase Inhibitor Resistance and Natural Polymorphisms among HIV-1 Subtype C Infected Patients in Ethiopia.Viruses · 2022Article
- HIV-1 integrase resistance associated mutations and the use of dolutegravir in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PLOS global public health · 2022Article
- Limited HIV-1 Subtype CPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors.
Funding
Abstract
There are limited real-world mutational and virological outcomes data of treatment-experienced persons diagnosed with HIV-1 subtype C (HIV-1 C) who are failing Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitor-based regimens. Requisition forms sent for HIV-1 genotypic resistance testing (GRT) between May 2015 and September 2019 were reviewed and participants experiencing virologic failure while on dolutegravir (DTG) or raltegravir (RAL) cART at sampling recruited. Sanger sequencing of the HIV-1 Pol gene was performed from residual plasma samples and drug resistance mutational (DRM) analysis performed using the Stanford University HIV drug resistance database. 40 HIV-1C integrase sequences were generated from 34 individuals, 24 of whom were on DTG cART, three on RAL cART and seven on an unknown (DTG or RAL)-anchored cART at time of GRT. 11/34 (32%) individuals had DRMs to DTG and other integrase inhibitors. 7/11 (64%) patients had exposure to a RAL-based cART at the time of sampling. Out of the 11 individuals with DRMs, one (9%) had 2-class, 6 (55%) had 3-class, and 4 (36%) had 4-class multidrug-resistant HIV-1C. 7/11 individuals (64%) are currently virologically suppressed. Of the four individuals not virologically suppressed, three had extensive DRMs involving 4-classes of ARV drugs and one individual has demised. Resistance to DTG occurs more often in patients exposed to RAL cART. Individuals with 4-class DRMs plus integrase T97 and E157Q mutations appear to have worse outcomes. There is a need for frequent VL monitoring and GRT amongst treatment-experienced HIV-1C diagnosed individuals.
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