ReviewNutrients2021
Coffee and Lower Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Arguments for a Causal Relationship.
Review in Nutrients, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- Coffee and tea consumption and cardiovascular disease and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in individuals with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of prospective observational studies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Article
- Integrated Metabolomic and Microbiome Profiling Reveals Divergent Effects of No- and High-Fat Coffee in Mice.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Comparative Serum Proteomic Analysis of Different Habitual Coffee Consumption Among Healthy and Obese with and Without Hypertension Groups.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- A preliminary model to establish a digital twin for coffee roasting.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Bioactive Compounds in Coffee: Metabolism, Bioavailability and Health Effects-A Review.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Article
- Association between daily coffee intake and diabetic kidney disease: evidence from the 2007 to 2016 NHANES.International urology and nephrology · 2025Article
- Coffee's Impact on Health and Well-Being.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Effect of theophylline on vascular tissue in a model of oxidative stress induced by titanium dioxide nanoparticles.Toxicology research · 2025Article
- Article
- Coffee and Its Major Polyphenols in the Prevention and Management of Type 2 Diabetes: A Comprehensive Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND METABOLIC EFFECTS OFAfrican journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Caffeine: A Multifunctional Efficacious Molecule with Diverse Health Implications and Emerging Delivery Systems.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- The Other Side of the Perfect Cup: Coffee-Derived Non-Polyphenols and Their Roles in Mitigating Factors Affecting the Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Dried fruit intake and lower risk of type 2 diabetes: a two-sample mendelian randomization study.Nutrition & metabolism · 2024Article
- Coffee Consumption andJournal of personalized medicine · 2024Article
- Article
- Nanoemulsions ofAntioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- The Perfect Cup? Coffee-Derived Polyphenols and Their Roles in Mitigating Factors Affecting Type 2 Diabetes Pathogenesis.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Prospective epidemiological studies concur in an association between habitual coffee consumption and a lower risk of type 2 diabetes. Several aspects of these studies support a cause-effect relationship. There is a dependency on daily coffee dose. Study outcomes are similar in different regions of the world, show no differences between sexes, between obese versus lean, young versus old, smokers versus nonsmokers, regardless of the number of confounders adjusted for. Randomized controlled intervention trials did not find a consistent impact of drinking coffee on acute metabolic control, except for effects of caffeine. Therefore, lowering of diabetes risk by coffee consumption does not involve an acute effect on the post-meal course of blood glucose, insulin or insulin resistance. Several studies in animals and humans find that the ingestion of coffee phytochemicals induces an adaptive cellular response characterized by upregulation and de novo synthesis of enzymes involved in cell defense and repair. A key regulator is the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in association with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, AMP-activated kinase and sirtuins. One major site of coffee actions appears to be the liver, causing improved fat oxidation and lower risk of steatosis. Another major effect of coffee intake is preservation of functional beta cell mass via enhanced mitochondrial function, lower endoplasmic reticulum stress and prevention or clearance of aggregates of misfolded proinsulin or amylin. Long-term preservation of proper liver and beta cell function may account for the association of habitual coffee drinking with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes, rather than acute improvement of metabolic control.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.