Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33806363›Full record

ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2021

Utilising Flow Aggregation to Classify Benign Imitating Attacks.

Hanan Hindy, Robert Atkinson, Christos Tachtatzis, Ethan Bayne, Miroslav Bures, Xavier Bellekens

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Hanan HindyDivision of Cybersecurity, Abertay University, Dundee DD1 1HG, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-5195-8193
Robert AtkinsonElectronic and Electrical Engineering Department, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-6206-2229
Christos TachtatzisElectronic and Electrical Engineering Department, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-9150-6805
Ethan BayneDivision of Cybersecurity, Abertay University, Dundee DD1 1HG, UK.ORCID 0000-0003-1853-2921
Miroslav BuresDepartment of Computer Science, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Karlovo Namesti 13, 121 35 Praha 2, Czech Republic.ORCID 0000-0002-2994-7826
Xavier BellekensElectronic and Electrical Engineering Department, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK.ORCID 0000-0003-1849-5788

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Cyber-attacks continue to grow, both in terms of volume and sophistication. This is aided by an increase in available computational power, expanding attack surfaces, and advancements in the human understanding of how to make attacks undetectable. Unsurprisingly, machine learning is utilised to defend against these attacks. In many applications, the choice of features is more important than the choice of model. A range of studies have, with varying degrees of success, attempted to discriminate between benign traffic and well-known cyber-attacks. The features used in these studies are broadly similar and have demonstrated their effectiveness in situations where cyber-attacks do not imitate benign behaviour. To overcome this barrier, in this manuscript, we introduce new features based on a higher level of abstraction of network traffic. Specifically, we perform flow aggregation by grouping flows with similarities. This additional level of feature abstraction benefits from cumulative information, thus qualifying the models to classify cyber-attacks that mimic benign traffic. The performance of the new features is evaluated using the benchmark CICIDS2017 dataset, and the results demonstrate their validity and effectiveness. This novel proposal will improve the detection accuracy of cyber-attacks and also build towards a new direction of feature extraction for complex ones.

Indexed as

CICIDS2017cyber-attacksfeaturesintrusion detectionmachine learningNetFlownetwork traffic

Identifiers

PMID33806363
PMCPMC7961933

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.