ReviewChildren (Basel, Switzerland)2021
Diagnostic Tools for Autism Spectrum Disorders by Gender: Analysis of Current Status and Future Lines.
Review in Children (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Social functioning in autism: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nature human behaviour · 2026Pooled it
- Gender Identity and Gender Dysphoria in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review.Actas espanolas de psiquiatria · 2026Pooled it
- Sex-dependent vulnerability to early-life phthalates exposure and autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review.Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Diagnosing ASD in Children Aged 6-18: Gender Differences and the Diagnostic Process.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Underdiagnosed and Misunderstood: Clinical Challenges and Educational Needs of Healthcare Professionals in Identifying Autism Spectrum Disorder in Women.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Mental Health as a Key Mediator for Outcomes in Postsecondary Education, Employment, and Everyday Living in Autistic Adults.Autism in adulthood · 2025Article
- Diagnostic challenges of autism spectrum disorder in women without intellectual or language impairments: a narrative review.Journal of medicine and life · 2025Review
- Red flags in global autism data: a forensic analysis of prevalence patterns and official aid dependencies.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- The Impact of Dog-Assisted Therapy Among Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Assessment of Autism Spectrum Disorder.Assessment · 2024Review
- Characterizing individual differences in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: a descriptive study.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
- Do Savant Syndrome and Autism Spectrum Disorders Share Sex Differences? A Comprehensive Review.Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · 2023Article
- Sex-Related Changes in the Clinical, Genetic, Electrophysiological, Connectivity, and Molecular Presentations of ASD: A Comparison between Human and Animal Models of ASD with Reference to Our Data.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Phenotypic differences between female and male individuals with suspicion of autism spectrum disorder.Molecular autism · 2022Article
- Screening, Diagnosis and Early Intervention in Autism Spectrum Disorders.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Autism and Visual impairment: A First Approach to a Complex Relationship.Clinical practice and epidemiology in mental health : CP & EMH · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Studies on the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders have shown gender disproportion. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in this investigation area. There are two main research lines; the first is focused mostly on gender-related biological reasons that could account for low ASD prevalence in women (i.e., related to some protective factors related to hormones or the immune system, among others), and the second research line studies possible diagnostic biases. In the present study, a review of the latter line of research is made based on two main objectives: (a) analysis of possible biases in diagnostic tools and (b) other nonbiological ASD prevalence explained by gender differences. As a result of our theoretical review, we found that the articles reviewed showed contradictory results and possible diagnostic biases, not only in their design but also in their assessment standards. We concluded that specific or complementary diagnostic tools and procedures differentiated by gender should be developed in order to reduce these biases.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.