ArticleVaccines2021
Soluble Spike DNA Vaccine Provides Long-Term Protective Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in Mice and Nonhuman Primates.
Article in Vaccines, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Assessment of the efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in non-human primate studies: a systematic review.Open research Europe · 2022Pooled it
- Comparison of the immunogenicity & protective efficacy of various SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates in non-human primates.The Indian journal of medical researchPooled it
- DNA-based vaccines: Advances, applications, and future prospects.Genes & diseases · 2026Review
- Exposure route, not dose, is the primary driver of infection patterns for a respiratory virus.Science advances · 2026Article
- Exposure route drives SARS-CoV-2 infection patterns in non-human primates.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Review
- Design and Immune Profile of Multi-Epitope Synthetic Antigen Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2: An In Silico and In Vivo Approach.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Intramuscular DNA vaccine provides protection in non-human primate and mouse models of SARS-CoV-2.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Immunogenicity and protection efficacy of a COVID-19 DNA vaccine encoding spike protein with D614G mutation and optimization of large-scale DNA vaccine production.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Review
- Progress and prospects on vaccine development against monkeypox infection.Microbial pathogenesis · 2023Review
- Potentiating the Cross-Reactive IFN-γ T Cell and Polyfunctional T Cell Responses by Heterologous GX-19N DNA Booster in Mice Primed with Either a COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine or Inactivated Vaccine.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Infections associated with SARS-CoV-2 exploited via nanoformulated photodynamic therapy.ADMET & DMPK · 2023Review
- Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a DNA vaccine inducing optimal expression of the SARS-CoV-2 S gene in hACE2 mice.Archives of virology · 2022Article
- Cynomolgus Macaque Model for COVID-19 Delta Variant.Immune network · 2022Article
- Towards novel nano-based vaccine platforms for SARS-CoV-2 and its variants of concern: Advances, challenges and limitations.Journal of drug delivery science and technology · 2022Review
- Two DNA vaccines protect against severe disease and pathology due to SARS-CoV-2 in Syrian hamsters.NPJ vaccines · 2022Article
- Safety and immunogenicity of two recombinant DNA COVID-19 vaccines containing the coding regions of the spike or spike and nucleocapsid proteins: an interim analysis of two open-label, non-randomised, phase 1 trials in healthy adults.The Lancet. Microbe · 2022Article
- SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine adjuvants and their signaling pathways.Expert review of vaccines · 2022Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The unprecedented and rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2) has motivated the need for a rapidly producible and scalable vaccine. Here, we developed a synthetic soluble SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) DNA-based vaccine candidate, GX-19. In mice, immunization with GX-19 elicited not only S-specific systemic and pulmonary antibody responses but also Th1-biased T cell responses in a dose-dependent manner. GX-19-vaccinated nonhuman primates seroconverted rapidly and exhibited a detectable neutralizing antibody response as well as multifunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. Notably, when the immunized nonhuman primates were challenged at 10 weeks after the last vaccination with GX-19, they had reduced viral loads in contrast to non-vaccinated primates as a control. These findings indicate that GX-19 vaccination provides a durable protective immune response and also support further development of GX-19 as a vaccine candidate for SARS-CoV-2.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.