ArticleCancers2021
Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor Expression in Breast Cancer and Its Association with Carbonic Anhydrase IX and Immune Checkpoints.
Article in Cancers, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- The immune microenvironment and relation to outcome in patients with advanced breast cancer treated with docetaxel with or without gemcitabine.Oncoimmunology · 2021Trial
- Myosin VI drives breast cancer progression via SP1/CA9-mediated acidic tumor microenvironment remodeling and subsequent M2 macrophage polarization.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Tumor sialylation regulates G-CSF stability and promotes neutrophil-mediated immunosuppression in breast cancer.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Prognostic and predictive capacity of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in the MA.20 regional node radiotherapy trial.NPJ breast cancer · 2025Article
- Quantitative Imaging of Hypoxic CAIX-Positive Tumor Areas with Low Immune Cell Infiltration in Syngeneic Mouse Tumor Models.Molecular pharmaceutics · 2023Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purposeGranulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and hypoxia modulate the tumour immune microenvironment. In model systems, hypoxia-induced carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) has been associated with G-CSF and immune responses, including M2 polarization of macrophages. We investigated whether these associations exist in human breast cancer specimens, their relation to breast cancer subtypes, and clinical outcome.
methodsUsing validated protocols and prespecified scoring methodology, G-CSF expression on carcinoma cells and CD163 expression on tumour-associated macrophages were assayed by immunohistochemistry and applied to a tissue microarray series of 2960 primary excision specimens linked to clinicopathologic, biomarker, and outcome data.
resultsG-CSF
conclusionsThe prognostic associations linking G-CSF to immune biomarkers and CAIX strongly support their immunomodulatory roles in the tumour microenvironment.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.