SynthesisCurrent oncology (Toronto, Ont.)2021
The Out-of-Pocket Cost Burden of Cancer Care-A Systematic Literature Review.
Synthesis in Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07600294 (Development and Implementation of a Prototype Centre of Excellence in Integrated Cancer Services in Thailand), which is not on this map. Cited by 111 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Development and Implementation of a Prototype Centre of Excellence in Integrated Cancer Services in Thailand: A Feasibility Study
Who cites it
111 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A systematic review of financial toxicity measurement instruments for cancer patients based on the COSMIN guideline.Journal of patient-reported outcomes · 2026Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of the Mechanistic Effects of Ginsenosides on Enhancing Radiotherapy and Providing Radioprotection.Anti-cancer agents in medicinal chemistry · 2026Pooled it
- Circulating potential biomarkers in polycystic ovary syndrome and gynecologic cancers: Diagnostic insights from a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of ovarian research · 2025Pooled it
- Nutrition Interventions in the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Symptoms during Cancer Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2025Pooled it
- Expanding the Catalog of Patient and Caregiver Out-of-Pocket Costs: A Systematic Literature Review.Population health management · 2024Pooled it
- Subjective and objective financial toxicity among colorectal cancer patients: a systematic review.BMC cancer · 2024Pooled it
- Communication of costs and financial burdens between cancer patients and healthcare providers: a qualitative systematic review and meta-synthesis.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2023Pooled it
- The economic impact of cancer diagnosis to individuals and their families: a systematic review.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2022Pooled it
- Economic and Humanistic Burden of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Systematic Literature Review.PharmacoEconomics · 2022Pooled it
- Religion as a Functional Equivalent of Medicine: Religious Experiences of Family Caregivers of People with Chronic Illnesses in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Journal of religion and health · 2026Article
- Welfare Regimes and Out-of-Pocket Healthcare Spending in the Last Year of Life Among Cancer Decedents in Europe and Israel.Cancers · 2026Article
- Beyond Device Safety: Organisational Burden and Quality of Life in Oncology Outpatients with PICCs. A Descriptive Exploratory Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Healthcare cost for non-hospital services and pharmaceuticals among breast cancer survivors: an event study.The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care · 2026Article
- Financial hardship in cancer family caregivers: a scoping review.BMC palliative care · 2026Article
- Survivability in patients with rare sigmoid colon adenocarcinoma variants: exploring the influence of rural-urban continuum codes and social determinants of health in the USA.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2026Article
- The financial burden resulting from complementary and alternative medicine in oncology care.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2026Article
- Biological basis and clinical translation prospects of circulating cell-free DNA in precision management of breast cancer (Review).Oncology letters · 2026Review
- Financial hardship and pain among cancer survivors: a French nationwide cross-sectional analysis.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2026Article
- Financial Distress and Its Determinants in Rheumatoid Arthritis.Arthritis care & research · 2026Article
- Article
51 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundOut-of-pocket costs pose a substantial economic burden to cancer patients and their families. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the literature on out-of-pocket costs of cancer care.
methodsA systematic literature review was conducted to identify studies that estimated the out-of-pocket cost burden faced by cancer patients and their caregivers. The average monthly out-of-pocket costs per patient were reported/estimated and converted to 2018 USD. Costs were reported as medical and non-medical costs and were reported across countries or country income levels by cancer site, where possible, and category. The out-of-pocket burden was estimated as the average proportion of income spent as non-reimbursable costs.
resultsAmong all cancers, adult patients and caregivers in the U.S. spent between USD 180 and USD 2600 per month, compared to USD 15-400 in Canada, USD 4-609 in Western Europe, and USD 58-438 in Australia. Patients with breast or colorectal cancer spent around USD 200 per month, while pediatric cancer patients spent USD 800. Patients spent USD 288 per month on cancer medications in the U.S. and USD 40 in other high-income countries (HICs). The average costs for medical consultations and in-hospital care were estimated between USD 40-71 in HICs. Cancer patients and caregivers spent 42% and 16% of their annual income on out-of-pocket expenses in low- and middle-income countries and HICs, respectively.
conclusionsWe found evidence that cancer is associated with high out-of-pocket costs. Healthcare systems have an opportunity to improve the coverage of medical and non-medical costs for cancer patients to help alleviate this burden and ensure equitable access to care.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.