ArticlePolymers2021
On the Use of OPEFB-Derived Microcrystalline Cellulose and Nano-Bentonite for Development of Thermoplastic Starch Hybrid Bio-Composites with Improved Performance.
Article in Polymers, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Selecting Hydrogel Films Composed of Carboxymethyl Cellulose and Microcrystalline Cellulose From OPEFB With Citric Acid as a Green Crosslinker for Fruit Wrapping.International journal of biomaterials · 2026Article
- Sustainable Cellulose-Bentonite Composites for Wastewater Treatment.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Oil palm residue-based cellulose acetate membranes enhanced with zinc oxide and n-methyl pyrrolidinone for batik wastewater treatment.Bioresources and bioprocessing · 2025Article
- Synergistic sequential oxidative extraction for nanofibrillated cellulose isolated from oil palm empty fruit bunch.PloS one · 2024Article
- Article
- High-Yield Alpha-Cellulose from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches by Optimizing Thermochemical Delignification Processes for Use as Microcrystalline Cellulose.International journal of biomaterials · 2023Article
- A Review on Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites (NFRPC) for Sustainable Industrial Applications.Polymers · 2022Review
- Effective Aging Inhibition of the Thermoplastic Corn Starch Films through the Use of Green Hybrid Filler.Polymers · 2022Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Thermoplastic starch (TPS) hybrid bio-composite films containing microcrystalline cellulose (C) and nano-bentonite (B) as hybrid fillers were studied to replace the conventional non-degradable plastic in packaging applications. Raw oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) was subjected to chemical treatment and acid hydrolysis to obtain C filler. B filler was ultra-sonicated for better dispersion in the TPS films to improve the filler-matrix interactions. The morphology and structure of fillers were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). TPS hybrid bio-composite films were produced by the casting method with different ratios of B and C fillers. The best ratio of B/C was determined through the data of the tensile test. FTIR analysis proved the molecular interactions between the TPS and the hybrid fillers due to the presence of polar groups in their structure. XRD analysis confirmed the intercalation of the TPS chains between the B inter-platelets as a result of well-developed interactions between the TPS and hybrid fillers. SEM images suggested that more plastic deformation occurred in the fractured surface of the TPS hybrid bio-composite film due to the higher degree of stretching after being subjected to tensile loading. Overall, the results indicate that incorporating the hybrid B/C fillers could tremendously improve the mechanical properties of the films. The best ratio of B/C in the TPS was found to be 4:1, in which the tensile strength (8.52MPa), Young's modulus (42.0 MPa), elongation at break (116.4%) and tensile toughness of the film were increased by 92%, 146%, 156% and 338%, respectively. The significantly improved strength, modulus, flexibility and toughness of the film indicate the benefits of using the hybrid fillers, since these features are useful for the development of sustainable flexible packaging film.
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Registered trials
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