ReviewSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2021
Sensor and Sensor Fusion Technology in Autonomous Vehicles: A Review.
Review in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 104 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
104 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Application of Laser Systems for Detection and Ranging in the Modern Road Transportation and Maritime Sector.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Pooled it
- The Advances in Computer Vision That Are Enabling More Autonomous Actions in Surgery: A Systematic Review of the Literature.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Pooled it
- Experimental Evaluation of Radar Sensor Mounting Height on Vehicle Active Safety Systems Performance.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Vehicle Autonomy to Ecosystem Intelligence: A Systematic Review of Dynamic Vision Architectures in Surface Mining Operations.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- A Survey of Environmental Perception for Unmanned Ground Agricultural Machinery in Field Environments.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Motion Analysis Technologies for ACL Injury Prevention: From Laboratory Assessment to Field-Based Clinical Screening.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- A Sensor-Centric Survey of Autonomous Driving: Integrating Measurement Physics, Uncertainty Modeling, and Safety-Critical Multi-Sensor Fusion.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Multimodal Sensor Fusion in Autonomous Vehicles: Technologies, Architectures, and Open Challenges.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Spatially divided outlier removal for LiDAR de-noising in adverse weather conditions.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Sensors in Self-Driving Vehicles: A Detailed Literature Review and New Trends.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Precipitation-aware sensor ecosystem modelling for performance-driven autonomous vehicle navigation.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- A Behavioral Ground Truth for Exteroceptive Sensors: Geometric Constraints and Stochastic Duration in Parking Maneuvers.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Context-Aware Semantic Localization with Adaptive Sensor Fusion Under Adverse Conditions.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Automated Vehicle Traffic: A Review of Operational Challenges, Infrastructure Requirements and Research Directions.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Cross-dataset late fusion of Camera-LiDAR and radar models for object detection.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Ultra-wide spectrum photosynapse array with 64k-scale for neuromorphic fusion imaging.Nature communications · 2026Article
- In Vivo Demonstration of Deep Learning-Based Photoacoustic Visual Servoing System.IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering · 2026Article
- Integrated bionic LiDAR for adaptive 4D machine vision.Nature communications · 2025Article
- LVCA-Net: Lightweight LiDAR Semantic Segmentation for Advanced Sensor-Based Perception in Autonomous Transportation Systems.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Laser Pulse-Driven Multi-Sensor Time Synchronization Method for LiDAR Systems.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
44 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
With the significant advancement of sensor and communication technology and the reliable application of obstacle detection techniques and algorithms, automated driving is becoming a pivotal technology that can revolutionize the future of transportation and mobility. Sensors are fundamental to the perception of vehicle surroundings in an automated driving system, and the use and performance of multiple integrated sensors can directly determine the safety and feasibility of automated driving vehicles. Sensor calibration is the foundation block of any autonomous system and its constituent sensors and must be performed correctly before sensor fusion and obstacle detection processes may be implemented. This paper evaluates the capabilities and the technical performance of sensors which are commonly employed in autonomous vehicles, primarily focusing on a large selection of vision cameras, LiDAR sensors, and radar sensors and the various conditions in which such sensors may operate in practice. We present an overview of the three primary categories of sensor calibration and review existing open-source calibration packages for multi-sensor calibration and their compatibility with numerous commercial sensors. We also summarize the three main approaches to sensor fusion and review current state-of-the-art multi-sensor fusion techniques and algorithms for object detection in autonomous driving applications. The current paper, therefore, provides an end-to-end review of the hardware and software methods required for sensor fusion object detection. We conclude by highlighting some of the challenges in the sensor fusion field and propose possible future research directions for automated driving systems.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.