ReviewPathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2021
Squalene-Based Influenza Vaccine Adjuvants and Their Impact on the Hemagglutinin-Specific B Cell Response.
Review in Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Phase 1/2 clinical trial of COVID-19 vaccine in Japanese participants: A report of interim findings.Vaccine · 2022Trial
- Dissecting Fc signatures of protection in neonates following maternal influenza vaccination in a placebo-controlled trial.Cell reports · 2022Trial
- Combinatorial in situ cancer vaccines: unlocking broad and enhanced antitumor responses.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Immunogenicity of a Multi-Epitope Influenza Composite Peptide Vaccine Targeting Human, Swine, and Avian Viruses: Advancing Pandemic Preparedness.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2026Article
- Construction and immunogenicity evaluation of a tuberculosis subunit vaccine based on fusion protein AP2 and novel adjuvant ASM.Archives of microbiology · 2026Article
- A dual-adjuvanted HA stem nanoparticle vaccine elicits a multifunctional antibody response that is associated with protection in newborn monkeys.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Generation and Evaluation of a Multi-Epitope Vaccine AgainstVaccines · 2026Article
- Beyond Needles: Immunomodulatory Hydrogel-Guided Vaccine Delivery Systems.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Rationally designed Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine using a recombinant subunit approach.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- Enhanced oxidative stability of deuterated squalene: the impact of labelling extent on chemical resilience.RSC advances · 2024Article
- Article
- Importance of adjuvant selection in tuberculosis vaccine development: Exploring basic mechanisms and clinical implications.Vaccine: X · 2023Review
- The Dual Role of the Innate Immune System in the Effectiveness of mRNA Therapeutics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Improving the Stability and Effectiveness of Immunotropic Squalene Nanoemulsion by Adding Turpentine Oil.Biomolecules · 2023Article
- Encapsulation: A Strategy to Deliver Therapeutics and Bioactive Compounds?Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Improvement influenza vaccine immune responses with traditional Chinese medicine and its active ingredients.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Development and Efficacy Evaluation of a Novel Nano-Emulsion Adjuvant for a Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus-like Particles Vaccine Based on Squalane.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- A Dual Adjuvant System for Intranasal Boosting of Local and Systemic Immunity for Influenza Vaccination.Vaccines · 2022Article
- The antibody landscapes following AS03 and MF59 adjuvanted H5N1 vaccination.NPJ vaccines · 2022Article
- From Sharks to Yeasts: Squalene in the Development of Vaccine Adjuvants.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Influenza infections continue to cause significant annual morbidity and mortality despite ongoing influenza vaccine research. Adjuvants are administered in conjunction with influenza vaccines to enhance the immune response and strengthen protection against disease. Squalene-based emulsion adjuvants including MF59, AS03, and AF03, are registered for administration with influenza vaccines and are widely used in many countries. Squalene-based emulsion adjuvants induce a strong innate immune response, enhancing antigen presentation both quantitively and qualitatively to generate strong B cell responses and antibody production. They also diversify the reactivity profiles and strengthen the affinities of antibodies against the influenza hemagglutinin, increasing protection across virus clades. In this review, we consider the mechanisms of the enhancement of innate and adaptive immune responses by squalene-based emulsionSE adjuvants and the resulting increase in magnitude and breadth of hemagglutinin-specific B cell responses. We relate observed effects of SE adjuvants and current mechanistic understandings to events in responding lymph nodes. These insights will guide the rational design and optimization of influenza vaccines to provide broad and effective protection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.