ArticleAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI2021
Tongue and Upper Airway Dimensions: A Comparative Study between Three Popular Brachycephalic Breeds.
Article in Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparative Anatomy of the Hyoid Apparatus in Various Dog Breeds: Insights From Clinical Imaging.Veterinary medicine and science · 2026Article
- Assessing the application potential of different species as obstructive sleep apnea models: a comparative analysis based on cranial CT anatomy.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2025Article
- Soft palate angle and basihyoid depth increase with tongue size and with body condition score in horses.Equine veterinary journal · 2025Article
- Evaluation of a caudal midline glossectomy on tongue volume and upper airway cross-sectional areas in brachycephalic dogs: a cadaveric study.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Abnormal shape of the pterygoid bone in French bulldogs: Prevalence and implication for cross-sectional area.The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne · 2024Article
- Awake 160-Slice Computed Tomography for Upper Airway Evaluation in 17 Dogs.Veterinary sciences · 2024Article
- Salivary cortisol measurements in brachycephalic dog breeds as part of a standardized stress test.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
- Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome: much more than a surgical problem.The veterinary quarterly · 2022Review
- Evaluation of risk factors for sleep-disordered breathing in dogs.Journal of veterinary internal medicineArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Relative macroglossia has been identified in brachycephalic compared to mesaticephalic dogs. This study assessed the tongue volume comparing three common brachycephalic breeds, including 30 French bulldogs, 30 pugs, and 15 English bulldogs. Computed tomography scans of intubated dogs with the hard palate suspended were examined for total tongue volume and cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of the tongue, oropharynx, soft palate, and nasopharyngeal airways at three levels: 1, caudal tip of the hard palate; 2, caudal tip of the hamulus; 3 cranial to the basihyoid bone. Tongue volume normalized to bodyweight, was significantly higher in English and French bulldogs than in pugs. Normalized to skull length, CSA of the tongue was smaller in pugs than in French and English bulldogs. At level 3, French bulldogs had larger oropharyngeal CSA than English bulldogs and pugs. Soft palate CSA was the largest in English bulldogs at level 3. At levels 1 and 2, soft palate and nasopharyngeal CSA was the smallest in pugs. At level 3, French bulldogs had higher total airway/soft tissue ratios than pugs. The smaller tongue volume in pugs questions the accuracy of the term macroglossia in this breed and these findings should be considered if surgical correction is sought.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.