ArticleViruses2021
The Mutation Profile of SARS-CoV-2 Is Primarily Shaped by the Host Antiviral Defense.
Article in Viruses, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- SARS-CoV-2 Infection-Induced Alterations in ADAR Editing Patterns Differ Between Patients Who Developed Critical Compared to Non-Critical COVID-19.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- APOBEC3A is the predominant global editor of cytosines in human mRNAs and in single-strand RNA viruses.G3 (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Article
- Lycorine Derivative Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Replication by Reducing -1 Programmed Ribosomal Frameshifting via Targeting ZAP.MedComm · 2026Article
- APOBEC3A is the predominant global editor of cytosines in human mRNAs and in single-strand RNA viruses.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The mutation rate of SARS-CoV-2 is highly variable between sites and is influenced by sequence context, genomic region, and RNA structure.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- A Critical Reexamination of Recovered SARS-CoV-2 Sequencing Data.Molecular biology and evolution · 2025Article
- The mutation rate of SARS-CoV-2 is highly variable between sites and is influenced by sequence context, genomic region, and RNA structure.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 CoCoPUTs: analyzing GISAID and NCBI data to obtain codon statistics, mutations, and free energy over a multiyear period.Virus evolution · 2025Article
- MDA5 Is a Major Determinant of Developing Symptoms in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2024Review
- A simple method for estimating time-irreversible nucleotide substitution rates in the SARS-CoV-2 genome.NAR genomics and bioinformatics · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2 and innate immunity: the good, the bad, and the "goldilocks".Cellular & molecular immunology · 2024Review
- Mutational signature dynamics indicate SARS-CoV-2's evolutionary capacity is driven by host antiviral molecules.PLoS computational biology · 2024Article
- An elusive debate on the evidence for RNA editing in SARS-CoV-2.RNA biology · 2024Article
- Genomic epidemiology reveals the variation and transmission properties of SARS-CoV-2 in a single-source community outbreak.Virus evolution · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2 within-host diversity of human hosts and its implications for viral immune evasion.mBio · 2023Article
- COVID-19 annual update: a narrative review.Human genomics · 2023Review
- Article
- Host-mediated RNA editing in viruses.Biology direct · 2023Review
- Review
- Mutational Patterns Observed in SARS-CoV-2 Genomes Sampled From Successive Epochs Delimited by Major Public Health Events in Ontario, Canada: Genomic Surveillance Study.JMIR bioinformatics and biotechnology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Understanding SARS-CoV-2 evolution is a fundamental effort in coping with the COVID-19 pandemic. The virus genomes have been broadly evolving due to the high number of infected hosts world-wide. Mutagenesis and selection are two inter-dependent mechanisms of virus diversification. However, which mechanisms contribute to the mutation profiles of SARS-CoV-2 remain under-explored. Here, we delineate the contribution of mutagenesis and selection to the genome diversity of SARS-CoV-2 isolates. We generated a comprehensive phylogenetic tree with representative genomes. Instead of counting mutations relative to the reference genome, we identified each mutation event at the nodes of the phylogenetic tree. With this approach, we obtained the mutation events that are independent of each other and generated the mutation profile of SARS-CoV-2 genomes. The results suggest that the heterogeneous mutation patterns are mainly reflections of host (i) antiviral mechanisms that are achieved through APOBEC, ADAR, and ZAP proteins, and (ii) probable adaptation against reactive oxygen species.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.