ArticleWater research2021
The impact of sampling approach and daily water usage on lead levels measured at the tap.
Article in Water research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed.
- Burning "ExposHome": Deriving a Mixture of Combustible Materials in American Homes at the Wildland-Urban Interface for Health Studies.GeoHealth · 2025Article
- Vertical stratification of the water microbiome in an electric water heater tank: implications for premise plumbing opportunistic pathogens.Journal of water and health · 2024Article
- Identifying and Responding to Lead in Drinking Water in a University Setting.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Repeated home drinking water sampling to improve detection of particulate lead spikes: a simulation study.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2024Article
- Development and optimization of a systematic approach to identifying lead service lines: One community's success.Water research · 2023Article
- Lead in synthetic and municipal drinking water varies by field versus laboratory analysis.The Science of the total environment · 2023Article
- Pressure dependent analysis in premise plumbing system modeling.AWWA water science · 2023Article
- A literature review of bench top and pilot lead corrosion assessment studies.AWWA water science · 2023Article
- A national survey of lead and other metal(loids) in residential drinking water in the United States.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2023Article
- Assessing residential activity in a home plumbing system simulator: monitoring the occurrence and relationship of major opportunistic pathogens and phagocytic amoebas.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Lead Levels in Tap Water at Licensed North Carolina Child Care Facilities, 2020-2021.American journal of public health · 2022Article
- A Participatory Science Approach to Evaluating Factors Associated with the Occurrence of Metals and PFAS in Guatemala City Tap Water.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Lead service line identification: A review of strategies and approaches.AWWA water science · 2021Article
- The Bacterial Community Diversity of Bathroom Hot Tap Water Was Significantly Lower Than That of Cold Tap and Shower Water.Frontiers in microbiology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
There are many sampling approaches available for lead (Pb) in drinking water. Selecting the best approach for its intended use is critical. The objective of this work was to compare water Pb levels collected by multiple sampling approaches from a model home plumbing system (HPS) that included an old Pb service line (LSL), as a function of daily water usage. Specifically, flushed, direct LSL, sequential profile, random daytime (RDT), first draw, and manual composite samples were compared, and daily water usage rates ranged from 1.4 to 120 gallons/day (5.3-454.2 L/day). Pb levels in water collected directly from the LSL reached equilibrium after 7-15.5 h of stagnation, and approximately 55% of the equilibrium Pb concentration was reached after 2 h. Sequential sampling accurately identified the LSL; however, the peak profile Pb concentrations were a fraction of the Pb measured directly from the LSL. Daily water usage patterns greatly impacted total Pb levels in all water sampling approaches, although manual composite and RDT samples were more sensitive to changes. Manual composite and RDT samples were equal to or greater than first draw samples throughout the study, and differences grew larger as water usage decreased.
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