Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33798492›Full record

ArticleCell host & microbe2021

Bacteria induce skin regeneration via IL-1β signaling.

Gaofeng Wang, Evan Sweren, Haiyun Liu, Eric Wier, Martin P Alphonse, Ruosi Chen, Nasif Islam, Ang Li, Yingchao Xue, Junjie Chen and 14 more

Open access · bronzeAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Cell host & microbe, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 115 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
115citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
14.3field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

115 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 189 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Commensal skin bacteria interact with the innate immune system to promote tail regeneration in Xenopus laevis tadpoles.Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists · 2026
    Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. The dual role of the microbiome in chronic wound management.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026
    Review
  6. Review
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Skin bacteriota ameliorates androgenetic alopecia via harmonizing skin immuno inflammatory balance.Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] · 2026
    Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Review
  15. The Microbiome Modulates Corneal Wound Healing via the Induction of Cholesterol Sulfotransferase Pathway.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2026
    Article
  16. Microbiology spectrum · 2026
    Article
  17. Review
  18. Article
  19. Gut and skin microbiota ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2026
    Article
  20. Review

55 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

24 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.

Gaofeng WangDepartment of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA; Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China.
Evan SwerenDepartment of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA.
Haiyun LiuDepartment of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA.
Eric WierDepartment of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA.
Martin P AlphonseDepartment of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA.
Ruosi ChenDepartment of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA; Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China.
Nasif IslamDepartment of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA.
Ang LiDepartment of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA.
Yingchao XueDepartment of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA.
Junjie ChenDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA.
Seungman ParkDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA.
Yun ChenDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA.
Sam LeeDepartment of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA.
Yu WangDepartment of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA.
Saifeng WangDepartment of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA.
Nate K ArcherDepartment of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA.
William AndrewsDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Maryland, MD 21201, USA.
Maureen A KaneDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Maryland, MD 21201, USA.
Erika DareDepartment of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA.
Sashank K ReddyDepartment of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
Zhiqi HuDepartment of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510515, China.
Elizabeth A GriceDepartment of Dermatology and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Lloyd S MillerDepartment of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA.
Luis A GarzaDepartment of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA. Electronic address: lag@jhmi.edu.
Johns Hopkins University · USUniversity of Maryland, Baltimore · USNanfang Hospital · CNUniversity of Pennsylvania · US

Funding

Retinoic acid synthesis induced by noncoding dsRNA controls RegenerationR01AR074846 · NIAMS · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI GARZA, LUIS ANDRES · 2019 to 2023
$2.3M
IL-36 responses in Staphylococcus aureus driven skin inflammationR01AR073665 · NIAMS · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI ARCHER, NATHAN K. · 2018 to 2022
$1.8M
STAT3-mediated immunity to Staphylococcus aureus in skinR01AR069502 · NIAMS · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI ARCHER, NATHAN K. · 2016 to 2020
$1.8M
Future Academic Scientists in DermatologyT32AR074920 · NIAMS · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI Luis Andres Garza · 2020 to 2026
$1.4M
NIAMS NIH HHS R01 AR069502NIAMS NIH HHS R01 AR073665NIAMS NIH HHS R01 AR074846NIAMS NIH HHS T32 AR074920
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Environmental factors that enhance regeneration are largely unknown. The immune system and microbiome are attributed roles in repairing and regenerating structure but their precise interplay is unclear. Here, we assessed the function of skin bacteria in wound healing and wound-induced hair follicle neogenesis (WIHN), a rare adult organogenesis model. WIHN levels and stem cell markers correlate with bacterial counts, being lowest in germ-free (GF), intermediate in conventional specific pathogen-free (SPF), and highest in wild-type mice, even those infected with pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus. Reducing skin microbiota via cage changes or topical antibiotics decreased WIHN. Inflammatory cytokine IL-1β and keratinocyte-dependent IL-1R-MyD88 signaling are necessary and sufficient for bacteria to promote regeneration. Finally, in a small trial, a topical broad-spectrum antibiotic also slowed skin wound healing in adult volunteers. These results demonstrate a role for IL-1β to control morphogenesis and support the need to reconsider routine applications of topical prophylactic antibiotics.

Indexed as

AdolescentAdultAnimalsBacteriaFemaleHumansInterleukin-1betaKeratinocytesMaleMiceMice, Inbred C57BLMicrobiotaMiddle AgedMyeloid Differentiation Factor 88Receptors, Interleukin-1RegenerationInterleukin-1betaMyeloid Differentiation Factor 88Receptors, Interleukin-1bacteriahairregeneration

Identifiers

PMID33798492
PMCPMC8122070
OpenAlexW3142660110

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.